Table 5 Bivariate analysis of schistosomiasis infection by household WaSH access

Household drinking water source** (n = 6637)

 Has improved drinking water

Yes

No

5,201 (78.7)

1,408 (21.3)

1.7 (1.3, 2.0)

1.2 (0.8, 1.5)

0.19

20.9 (19.5, 22.2)

19.8 (18.4, 21.1)

0.14

13.2 (12.5, 14.4)

16.2 (15.3, 17.7)

 < 0.01

3.1 (2.7, 3.6)

2.5 (1.8, 3.4)

0.10

 < 30 min to water

  Yes

  No

3,323 (50.7)

3,314 (49.9)

1.0 (0.7, 1.4)

2.1 (1.5, 2.6)

 < 0.01

16.5 (15.0, 18.2)

23.9 (21.7, 26.3)

 < 0.01

9.7 (8.5,11.1)

16.1 (15.2, 17.6)

 < 0.01

3.0 (2.5, 3.7)

2.7 (2.2, 3.4)

0.52

 Basic

 Limited

 Unimproved

 Surface water

2,716 (41.1)

2,485 (37.6)

832 (12.6)

576 (8.72)

0.9 (0.6, 1.3)

2.5 (0.6, 3.3)

1.3 (0.7, 3.2)

1.0 (0.5, 2.3)

 < 0.01

16.9 (15.2, 18.8)

24.8 (22.8, 27.0)

14.8 (11.7, 18.6)

19.2 (15.5, 23.6)

0.06

9.6 (8.3, 11.1)

16.8 (15.1, 18.7)

9.7 (7.2, 13.0)

12.5 (9.5, 16.4)

0.01

3.10 (2.5, 3.8)

3.10 (2.5, 3.9)

1.38 (0.8, 2.5)

2.51 (1.5, 4.2)

0.05

 Treats water with chlorine

  Yes

  No

147 (7.1)

1,930 (92.9)

3.4 (1.9, 4.5)

2.4 (1.5, 4.1)

0.08

19.1 (15.1, 23.5)

16.1 (14.6, 18.0)

0.05

10.9 (8.4,14.2)

9.6 (7.1, 12.9)

0.19

0.7 (0.6, 0.8)

0.6 (0.5, 0.7)

0.63

Observed household sanitation facilities** (n = 6637)

 Has improved latrine

  Yes

  No

1058 (15.9)

5579 (84.1)

1.5 (0.9, 2.5)

1.6 (0.8, 2.4)

0.88

17.4 (14.4, 20.7)

13.0 (11.0, 15.2)

0.15

12.9 (10.4, 15.8)

13.1 (10.2, 15.6)

0.93

2.4 (1.6, 3.5)

1.2 (0.5, 1.7)

0.06

 Has access to shared latrine

  Yes

  No

1227 (18.5)

4896 (73.8)

1.5 (0.9, 2.5)

1.6 (0.8, 2.4)

0.88

19.4 (16.4, 22.7)

13.0 (11.0, 15.2)

 < 0.01

12.9 (10.4, 15.8)

13.1 (10.2, 15.6)

0.93

4.1 (3.7, 4.5)

2.7 (2.4, 3.0)

 < 0.01

 Basic

 Limited

 Unimproved

 Open defecation

770 (11.6)

288 (4.34)

5065 (76.3)

514 (7.74)

1.0 (0.5, 2.1)

2.8 (1.4, 5.5)

1.7 (1.3, 2.1)

0.8 (0.3, 2.1)

0.09

15.6 (12.3, 19.6)

26.0 (20.6, 32.3)

20.6 (19.2, 22.0)

18.8 (14.2, 24.4)

0.13

9.1 (6.6, 12.4)

19.5 (14.8, 25.4)

13.0 (11.9, 14.2)

13.1 (9.30, 18.1)

0.44

2.6 (1.7, 4.0)

1.8 (0.8, 4.3)

3.1 (2.7, 3.7)

1.2 (0.6, 2.7)

0.07

 Child stool disposed of

  Yes

  No

1892 (86.8)

229 (10.5

1.3 (1.0, 1.8)

2.6 (1.3, 5.4)

0.47

16.2 (12.9, 20.2)

22.4 (21.0, 23.8)

0.03

9.6 (7.1, 12.9)

13.8 (12.7, 15.0)

0.12

2.0 (1.7, 2.4)

3.2 (2.8, 3.6)

0.03

Observed household handwashing facilities** (n = 6637)

 Handwashing < 3 m from latrine

  Yes

  No

1,059 (23.5)

3,440 (76.5)

2.5 (1.2, 5.3)

1.6 (1.3, 2.l)

0.06

24.8 (23.2, 26.5

20.2 (18.6, 21.9)

0.01

17.3 (14.3, 19.0)

13.1 (11.7, 14.5)

 < 0.01

3.9 (3.4, 6.1)

2.6 (2.1, 3.3)

0.03

 Basic

 Limited

 No facility

574 (12.8)

935 (20.8)

2,990 (66.4)

1.9 (1.1, 3.4)

1.9 (1.2, 3.0)

1.7 (1.3, 2.2)

0.88

18.2 (14.1, 23.1)

25.5 (22.4, 28.8)

20.5 (18.9, 22.2)

0.01

12.2 (8.91, 16.6)

18.1 (15.5, 21.1)

13.2 (11.8, 14.6)

 < 0.01

0.9 (0.4, 2.2)

4.2 (3.1, 5.8)

2.9 (2.3, 3.6)

0.05

Exposure to surface water (n = 6637)

 Uses surface water for recreational use ∞

  Yes

  No

795 (38.3)

1282 (61.7)

3.1 (2.5, 3.6)

2.0 (1.7, 2.4)

0.01

16.3 (13.1, 19.1)

14.2 (10.1, 18.1)

0.06

9.9 (8.4, 11.6)

9.3 (7.8, 11.0)

0.69

0.7 (0.6, 0.8)

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

0.27

 Uses surface water for clothes washing

  Yes

  No

1188 (27.1)

2,077 (72.9)

2.7 (2.4, 3.1)

1.3 (0.9, 1.8)

0.01

13.7 (11.8, 15.9)

10.5 (8.3, 12.7)

0.05

8.6 (6.1, 11.0)

5.8 (3.8, 7.7)

0.05

0.5 (0.4, 0.6)

0.3 (0, 1.6)

0.27