Table 4 Sub-group analysis for estimated prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs in Africa

Regions

 C/Africa

1

128

0

0.39

0.02, 5.89

< 0.001

0.00

0.00

1.000

< 0.001

− 2.95 (− 6.31, 0.41)

 E/Africa

11

4017

843

21.01

11.61, 35.01

519.54

98.08

< 0.001

1.25 (0.38, 2.12)

 N/Africa

20

3834

958

25.62

20.44, 31.58

233.59

91.87

< 0.001

1.52 (0.73, 2.30)

 S/Africa

1

1063

10

0.94

0.51, 1.74

0.00

0.00

1.000

− 2.06 (− 4.05, − 0.06)

 W/Africa

9

28,458

2608

6.53

3.12, 13.15

172.88

95.37

< 0.001

Reference

MOD

 ELISA

3

619

140

23.58

12.76, 39.42

< 0.001

29.55

93.23

< 0.001

0.298

0.91 (− 0.61, 2.42)

 Microscopy

27

31,806

3482

18.44

11.86, 27.53

1785.75

98.54

< 0.001

0.61 (− 0.24, 1.46)

 PCR

12

5075

797

13.18

8.36, 20.17

303.58

96.38

< 0.001

Reference

Study period

 1975–1990

15

3394

567

16.61

9.24, 28.06

< 0.001

412.06

96.60

< 0.001

< 0.001

− 2.31 (− 3.55, − 1.08)

 1991–2006

9

1699

287

23.35

15.26, 34.00

86.84

90.79

< 0.001

0.70 (0.08, 1.33)

 2007–2021

18

32,407

3565

15.07

9.79, 22.49

1275.55

98.67

< 0.001

Reference

Sample size

 ≤ 200

25

2451

565

23.48

17.49, 30.76

< 0.001

257.59

90.68

< 0.001

0.137

0.41 (− 1.10, 1.92)

 201–400

10

2782

515

11.72

5.17, 24.45

512.24

98.24

< 0.001

0.74 (0.01, 1.47)

 > 400

17

32,267

3339

10.44

5.30, 19.53

932.95

99.36

< 0.001

Sex

 Female

4

868

350

35.79

25.35, 47.77

0.224

40.53

90.13

< 0.001

0.855

0.07 (− 0.66, 0.79)

 Male

4

910

341

33.92

23.23, 46.56

49.44

91.91

< 0.001

Reference

Dog type

 Owned

15

3351

506

15.92

10.89, 22.71

< 0.001

229.88

93.91

< 0.001

0.006

− 0.77 (− 1.32, − 0.22)

 Stray

21

1672

491

29.65

23.22, 37.01

150.59

86.72

< 0.001

Reference

 Overall

42

37,500

4419

16.94

12.65, 22.32

2355.16

98.26

< 0.001