Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods

Table 4 Comparison of costs associated with Leishmania diagnostics

Country	World Bank income classification	Presentation	Costs (in parentheses)	Associated costs	Year for which costs were determined	References
Colombia	Upper-middle income	MCL	Biopsy + culture + stains + IFA + MST (USD 172.40); biopsy + culture + stains + IFA (USD 162.57); biopsy + stains + IFA (USD 128.91); PCR-mini-exon (USD 128.77); PCR-kDNA (USD 128.77)	Direct	2015	[128]
Afghanistan	Low income	MCL, CL	Microscopy (USD 53.79); RDT (USD 53.91); LAMP (USD 60.18)	Direct and indirect	2016	[127]
Iran	Upper-middle income	CL	PCR–RFLP (USD 5.72); PCR sequencing (USD 11.20); PCR -HRM (USD 4.46)	Basic kit tariff	2015	[126]
Brazil	Upper-middle income	VL	IT LEISH (USD 6.57); DAT-LPC (USD 4.92); Kalazar Detect (USD 7.45); IFAT (USD 11.39); bone marrow aspirate (ambulatory setting) (USD 27.10); PCR USD 32.72	Direct	2016	[125]

IFA Indirect immunofluorescence assay, MST Montenegro skin test, RDT CL Detect Rapid Test, LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) Loopamp Leishmania Detection Kit, DAT direct agglutination test, PCR polymerase chain reaction, RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism; for other abbreviations, see Table 1

ISSN: 1756-3305