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Table 2 Analysis of the different groups based on the role of non-biting flies in the transmission of parasites

From: The global prevalence of parasites in non-biting flies as vectors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Potential sources of heterogeneity

No. of datasets

Sample size (n)

No. of samples that were positive

Prevalence, % (95% CI)

Heterogeneity

Univariate meta-regression

Correlation analysis

Adjusted R2 (%)

χ2

P-value

I2 (%)

P-value

Coefficient (95% CI)

Region

0.800

− 0.101 (− 0.915 to 0.712)

− 3.58

 Europe

7

2567

726

29.5 (13.2− 5.8)

1048.31

 < 0.001

99.4

   

 Africa

8

13,366

9144

58.3 (47.4−69.3)

838.49

 < 0.001

99.2

   

 North America

4

4982

2989

39.9 (6.4−73.5)

743.16

 < 0.001

99.6

   

 Asia

7

3184

1616

36.9 (24.0−49.9)

629.30

 < 0.001

99.0

   

 South America

2

4619

1413

48.6 (31.8−65.3)

89.80

 < 0.001

98.9

   

Fly species

0.624

0.192 (− 0.599 to 0.984)

− 2.42

 Housefly (Musca domestica)

23

15,282

7234

43.3 (32.1−54.4)

5981.47

 < 0.001

99.6

   

 Othersa

10

13,436

8654

44.1 (23.9−64.3)

6199.00

 < 0.001

99.9

   

Identification method

0.424

0.282 (− 0.431 to 0.996)

− 1.27

 Morphological identification

17

20,351

12,188

47.4 (33.0−61.7)

8338.75

 < 0.001

99.8

   

 Molecular identification

8

3469

761

34.8 (24.6−45.1)

394.23

 < 0.001

98.2

   

 Immunofluorescence technology

3

4898

2939

33.5 (7.1−74.1)

742.78

 < 0.001

99.7

   

Risk assessment

 

 < 0.05

1.059 (0.428− 1.689)

21.78

 Zoonotic parasite species

27

28,494

13,572

38.1 (28.2−48.0)

10,113.68

 < 0.001

99.7

   

 Non-zoonosis

12

17,626

2316

13.3 (9.4−17.3)

638.36

 < 0.001

98.3

   

Seasonality

0.522

− 0.277 (-1.176 to 0.621)

− 3.49

 Spring

1

9550

6685

70.0 (69.1−70.9)

NA

NA

NA

   

 Summer

9

9809

4331

29.7 (13.7−45.6)

2404.02

 < 0.001

99.7

   

 Autumn

5

3003

1253

44.6 (31.7−57.5)

198.30

 < 0.001

98.0

   

 Winter

3

522

121

42.0 (4.9−88.9)

322.66

 < 0.001

99.4

   

Body surfaces and guts

0.154

− 0.519 (− 1.245 to 0.207)

4.14

 External surfaces

9

3649

1199

35.1 (20.8− 9.4)

1170.80

 < 0.001

99.3

   

 Internal organs

7

3817

1045

37.1 (22.7−51.5)

741.44

 < 0.001

99.2

   

 External surfaces/internal organs

12

21,252

13,644

51.1 (41.5−60.7)

2160.21

 < 0.001

99.5

   

Parasite classification

0.346

− 0.246 (− 0.770 to 0.278)

− 0.26

 Protozoa

16

21,789

8097

32.1 (22.9−41.3)

3045.44

 < 0.001

99.5

   

 Helminths

17

20,084

7791

42.6 (33.5−51.8)

3063.62

 < 0.001

99.5

   

Total

28

28,718

15,888

42.5 (31.9–53.2)

11,769.12

 < 0.001

99.8

   
  1. CI Confidence interval, NA unknown/not available information
  2. aCryptosporidium parvum, Hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia asiatica, Taenia solium, Ascaris suum, Metastrongylus apri, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia/duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Hymenolepis nana, Tricostrongilídeos orientalis, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxascaris leonine, Toxocara canis, Capillaria hepatica, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris vulpis, Ancylostoma caninum, Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba butschlii, Cystoisospora spp.
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Parasites & Vectors

ISSN: 1756-3305

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