- Note: Parameter estimates (± standard error) from GLMM’s describing the micro-parasite prevalences (individual levels: 0, 1) in cows at the continent-wide scale (See ‘Statistical Analysis’ for details) in response to intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Theileria parva (Uganda only), Anaplasma centrale have been observed in low numbers, not allowing for model convergence and/or statistical testing. Tick loads of vector-competent ticks (aggregates, see Table 1) at the moment of blood sampling
- \({\sigma }_{d}^{2}\): variance districts; \({\sigma }_{f}^{2}\): variance between farms (nested within district); \({\sigma }_{v}^{2}\): variance visits (nested within district); \({\sigma }_{i}^{2}\): variance within farm (nested within district). Model estimates reflect the probability that ectoparasite has level ‘1’ (logit-link)
- P < 0.001: ***; < 0.01: **; P < 0.05: *
