Table 2 Worldwide prevalence of Theileria infection in buffaloes, and variation in prevalence in relation to the detection method
Parameter | No. datasets | No. tested | No. positive | Pooled estimate % based on 95% CI | Heterogeneity I2 % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall prevalence | 48 | ||||
Blood smear | 11 | 2447 | 378 | 16.2 (10.6–21.9) | 97.9% |
PCR | 27 | 3427 | 902 | 24.6 (18.7–30.4) | 99.24% |
RLB | 4 | 681 | 265 | 35.6 (3.3–67.8) | 99.41% |
LAMP | 2 | 254 | 73 | 28.7 (23.1–34.3) | 0% |
ELISA | 2 | 578 | 109 | 20.9 (8.7–33.2) | 90.83% |
IFAT | 2 | 127 | 99 | 85.9 (63.0–108.9) | 94.54% |
Regional prevalence | |||||
Africa | 12 | ||||
Blood smear | 1 | 30 | 20 | 66.7 (49.8–83.5) | NA |
PCR | 7 | 456 | 202 | 42.0 (13.2–70.8) | 99.53% |
RLB | 2 | 337 | 175 | 35.1 (−31.5 to 101.6) | 99.79% |
IFAT | 2 | 127 | 99 | 85.9 (63.0–108.9) | 94.54% |
Asia | 34 | ||||
Blood smear | 10 | 2417 | 358 | 13.4 (7.9–18.9) | 97.87% |
PCR | 18 | 2376 | 686 | 20.7 (12.6–28.8) | 99.14% |
RLB | 2 | 344 | 90 | 35.5 (9.1–61.8) | 90.61% |
LAMP | 2 | 254 | 73 | 28.7 (23.1–34.3) | 0% |
ELISA | 2 | 578 | 109 | 20.9 (8.7–33.2) | 90.83% |
South America (PCR) | 2 | 595 | 14 | 2.1 (−1.7 to 5.9) | 90.44% |