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Table 1 Results of mixed-effects univariable negative binomial regression examining the associations between environmental factors and the abundance of Culicoides stellifer, Culicoides biguttatus, and subgenus Avaritia for all trapping sites in southern Ontario, Canada in 2017 and 2018

From: Abundance and diversity of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern Ontario, Canada

Culicoides stellifer

CRa

95% CI

P > z

Temperature (°C)

REF

   

 9.5–17.2

    

 17.3–20.2

10.54

2.83

39.29

< 0.001

 20.3–31.0

14.54

4.21

50.26

< 0.001

Temperature4b (°C)

REF

   

 10.3–17.3

1.03

0.41

2.55

0.957

 17.4–21.0

    

 21.1–25.0

0.71

0.25

2.05

0.528

Temperature8c (°C)

REF

   

 −5.0 to 16.5

1.02

0.42

2.46

0.965

 16.6–20.3

0.56

0.21

1.51

0.252

 20.4–25.0

    

Rain (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

1.30

0.40

4.25

0.663

 0.1–1.2

    

 1.3–17.9

1.87

0.84

4.12

0.123

Rain4b (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

0.33

0.12

0.90

0.031

 0.1–2.6

    

 2.7–20.1

0.95

0.34

2.69

0.924

Rain8c (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

2.36

0.92

6.08

0.076

 0.1–2.1

    

 2.2–72.0

0.72

0.28

1.83

0.485

Latitude

REF

   

 North

    

 South

0.38

0.03

4.94

0.459

Environment

REF

   

 Livestock

0.46

0.22

0.97

0.042

 Natural

    

Species

REF

   

 Bovine

60.65

16.28

225.97

< 0.001

 Ovine

    

Culicoides biguttatus

    

Temperature (°C)

REF

   

 9.5–17.2

12.42

3.30

46.79

< 0.001

 17.3–20.2

    

 20.3–31.0

4.85

1.21

19.44

0.026

Temperature4b (°C)

REF

   

 10.3–17.3

1.56

0.31

7.93

0.593

 17.4–21.0

    

 21.1–25.0

0.01

0.00

0.08

< 0.001

Temperature8c (°C)

REF

   

 −5.0 to 16.5

0.02

0.01

0.08

< 0.001

 16.6–20.3

    

 20.4–25.0

0.01

0.00

0.28

< 0.001

Rain (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

0.72

0.14

3.67

0.692

 0.1–1.2

    

 1.3–17.9

0.48

0.14

1.64

0.243

Rain4b (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

0.86

0.19

3.10

0.851

 0.1–2.6

    

 2.7–20.1

0.10

0.02

0.49

0.005

Rain8c (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

15.57

2.97

81.72

0.001

 0.1–2.1

    

 2.2–72.0

0.61

0.12

3.04

0.542

Latitude

REF

   

 North

1.51

0.04

51.30

0.818

 South

    

Environment

REF

   

 Livestock

0.77

0.22

2.67

0.678

 Natural

    

Species

REF

   

 Bovine

140.79

13.10

1513.52

< 0.001

 Ovine

    

Subgenus Avaritia

   

Temperature (°C)

REF

   

 9.5–17.2

6.03

2.90

12.53

< 0.001

 17.3–20.2

    

 20.3–31.0

6.45

3.19

13.06

< 0.001

Temperature4b (°C)

REF

   

 10.3–17.3

1.43

0.73

2.84

0.299

 17.4–21.0

    

 21.1–25.0

1.46

0.70

3.01

0.311

 Temperature8c (°C)

REF

   

 −5.0 to 16.5

1.62

0.89

2.94

0.114

 16.6–20.3

    

 20.4–25.0

0.85

0.45

1.60

0.622

Rain (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

0.79

0.37

1.70

0.549

 0.1–1.2

    

 1.3–17.9

0.59

0.30

1.14

0.117

 Rain 4b (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

0.54

0.28

1.03

0.063

 0.1–2.6

    

 2.7–20.1

1.02

0.52

1.99

0.952

Rain8c (mm)

REF

   

 0.0–0.0

2.79

1.37

5.68

0.005

 0.1–2.1

    

 2.2–72.0

1.11

0.55

2.23

0.770

Latitude

REF

   

 North

0.10

0.02

0.43

0.002

 South

    

Environment

REF

   

 Livestock

0.16

0.09

0.28

< 0.001

 Natural

    

Species

REF

   

 Bovine

12.83

3.65

45.10

< 0.001

 Ovine

    

Culicoides stellifera

   

Temperature (°C)

REF

   

9.5–17.2

61.06

7.64

487.79

 < 0.001

17.3–20.2

    

20.3–31.0

130.86

14.40

1189.29

 < 0.001

Temperature8c (°C)

REF

   

−5.0 to 16.5

0.05

0.01

0.35

0.003

16.6–20.3

    

20.4–25.0

0.09

0.01

0.67

0.019

Rain4d (mm)

REF

   

0.0–0.0

0.03

0.01

0.16

 < 0.001

0.1–2.6

    

2.7–20.1

2.48

0.38

15.98

0.340

Rain8c (mm)

REF

   

0.0–0.0

4.88

0.94

25.25

0.059

0.1–2.1

    

2.2–72.0

0.32

0.53

1.92

0.214

Species

REF

   

Bovine

    

Ovine

32.35

10.91

95.96

< 0.001

Culicoides biguttatuse

    

Temperature4d (°C)

REF

   

10.3–17.3

    

17.4–21.0

1.11

0.17

7.24

0.910

21.1–25.0

0.04

0.00

0.34

0.003

Temperature8c (°C)

REF

   

−5.0 to 16.5

0.00

0.00

0.04

< 0.001

16.6–20.3

    

20.4–25.0

0.01

0.00

0.08

< 0.001

Rain4d (mm)

REF

   

0.0–0.0

0.07

0.01

0.43

0.004

0.1–2.6

    

2.7–20.1

1.87

0.19

18.24

0.589

Rain8c (mm)

REF

   

0.0–0.0

2.96

0.37

23.93

0.308

0.1–2.1

    

2.2–72.0

0.08

0.01

0.57

0.011

Species

REF

   

Bovine

    

Ovine

40.25

6.11

265.06

< 0.001

Subgenus Avaritiaf

   

Temperature (°C)

REF

   

9.5–17.2

19.31

6.81

54.70

< 0.001

17.3–20.2

    

20.3–31.0

33.30

9.86

112.42

< 0.001

Temperature8c (°C)

REF

   

−5.0 to 16.5

0.34

0.11

1.09

0.070

16.6–20.3

    

20.4–25.0

0.24

0.08

0.72

0.012

Rain4d (mm)

REF

   

0.0–0.0

0.63

0.24

1.67

0.350

0.1–2.6

    

2.7–20.1

3.18

1.16

8.73

0.025

Rain8c (mm)

REF

   

0.0–0.0

7.39

2.64

20.69

< 0.001

0.1–2.1

    

2.2–72.0

2.11

0.74

6.03

0.162

Latitude

REF

   

North

0.28

0.08

1.00

0.048

South

    

Environment

REF

   

Livestock

0.20

0.11

0.36

< 0.001

Natural

    

Species

REF

   

Bovine

    

Ovine

7.60

2.11

27.35

0.002

  1. Random effects: residence, trapID, and trapIDdate; aCR, count ratio; btemp4, rain4-environmental variables taken 4 weeks before trapping occurred; ctemp8, rain8-environmental variables taken 8 weeks before trapping occurred
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