Genetic diversity of vector-borne pathogens in ixodid ticks infesting dogs from Pakistan with notes on Ehrlichia canis, Rickettsia raoultii and Dirofilaria immitis detection

Table 3 Single and mixed V/TBP infection in ixodid tick species collected from dogs across the study area

Ixodid tick species	Frequency of V/TBPs infection in ixodid tick species
	Single infection n (%)										Mixed (Co-infection) infection n (%)
	Ec	Esp	Rm	Rr	Rsp	Ta	Di	Wsp	Total	Statistic	Double infection							Statistic	Triple infection				Statistic
	Ec	Esp	Rm	Rr	Rsp	Ta	Di	Wsp	Total	Statistic	Ec + Esp	Ec + Rm	Rm + Rr	Rm + Rsp	Ec + Di	Di + Wsp	Total	Statistic	Ec + Rm + Rr	Rm + Rsp + Ta	Ec + Di + Wsp	Total	Statistic
Rh. sanguineus s.l	1 (5)	1 (5)	3 (15)	2 (10)	1 (5)	0	1 (5)	1 (5)	10		1 (5)	2 (10)	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	7		1 (5)	0	2 (10)	3
Rh. turanicus s.s	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	2 (10)	1 (5)	0	1 (5)	1 (5)	8	χ² = 11.890	0	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	0	4	χ² = 11.11	1 (5)	0	0	1	χ² = 8.26
Rh. haemaphysaloides	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	0	1 (5)	1 (5)	0	0	5	df = 5	0	0	0	1 (5)	0	0	1	df = 3	0	0	0	0	df = 2
Rh. microplus	0	0	1 (5)	0	0	0	0	0	1	P = 0.014	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	P = 0.011	0	0	0	0
Hy. dromedarii	0	0	4 (20)	0	1 (5)	1 (5)	0	0	6		0	0	0	1 (5)	0	0	1		0	1 (5)	0	1	P = 0.01
Hy. excavatum	0	0	1 (5)	0	0	1 (5)	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0
Total	32/50										13/50								5/50

V/TBPs: vector/tick-borne pathogens; Ec: Ehrlichia canis, Esp: Ehrlichia sp.; Rm: Rickettsia massiliae; Rsp: Rickettsia sp.; Ta: Theileria annulata; Di: Dirofilaria immitis; Wsp: Wolbachia sp.

ISSN: 1756-3305