Skip to main content

Table 3 Factors associated with all hookworm and Necator americanus infection

From: Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths using quantitative PCR and risk factors for hookworm and Necator americanus infection in school children in Dak Lak province, Vietnam

   

All hookworm (N = 6964†)

N. americanus (N = 6964†)

Variable

 

% (n)*

aOR

95% CI

P-value

aOR

95% CI

P-value

Age

 

7.9 ± 1.23

1.27

1.19–1.35

 < 0.01

1.28

1.21–1.36

 < 0.01

Female

 

51.3 (3.611)

0.56

0.48–0.66

 < 0.01

0.55

0.47–0.65

 < 0.01

Ethnicitya

Kinh

39.7 (2.791)

Reference

  

Reference

  
 

Dao

2.0 (143)

3.05

1.54–6.04

 < 0.01

3.35

1.65–6.82

 < 0.01

 

Gia-rai

3.2 (225)

8.34

4.40–15.78

 < 0.01

9.77

5.09–18.74

 < 0.01

 

Hmông

3.3 (235)

22.00

12.66–8.21

 < 0.01

25.67

14.55–45.26

 < 0.01

 

Mnông

5.7 (402)

7.45

4.21–13.19

 < 0.01

7.83

4.35–14.09

 < 0.01

 

Nùng

5.9 (411)

3.39

2.09–5.50

 < 0.01

3.88

2.35–6.40

 < 0.01

 

Tày

5.9 (413)

1.87

1.05–3.34

0.034

2.10

1.16–3.83

0.015

 

Xơ-đăng

1.2 (84)

44.85

20.49–98.19

 < 0.01

59.16

26.42–132.48

 < 0.01

 

Êđê

29.2 (2.053)

8.88

6.22–12.70

 < 0.01

9.77

6.72–14.20

 < 0.01

 

Other

3.9 (273)

3.00

1.71–5.26

 < 0.01

3.37

1.89–6.01

 < 0.01

A. ceylanicum co-infection

0.7 (49)

–

–

–

4.57

2.33–8.93

 < 0.01

S. stercoralis co-infection

0.5 (35)

2.78

1.29–5.99

0.010

2.68

1.23–5.88

0.014

Usual place of defecation at school

Toilet/latrine

91.2 (6.390)

Reference

  

Reference

  

On the ground/in the bush/grass

5.5 (383)

1.35

1.00–1.83

0.048

1.42

1.05–1.93

0.023

 

Doesn’t defecate at school

2.1 (147)

0.83

0.43–1.61

0.587

0.89

0.46–1.72

0.723

 

Don’t know/refused

1.2 (85)

1.03

0.54–1.99

0.925

0.85

0.43–1.70

0.65

Household water supplyb

Improved

85.1 (5.969)

Reference

  

Reference

  

Unimproved

13.1 (917)

1.32

1.07–1.62

 < 0.01

1.28

1.04–1.57

0.022

Don't know/refused

1.8 (128)

0.93

0.47–1.83

0.827

0.96

0.48–1.90

0.902

Household toilet available

No

24.8 (1.739)

Reference

  

Reference

  

Yes, but no flush

14.8 (1.040)

0.86

0.69–1.09

0.211

0.83

0.66–1.05

0.115

 

Yes, flushes

60.4 (4.229)

0.58

0.48–0.71

 < 0.01

0.58

0.47–0.70

 < 0.01

Primary female carer's highest level of education

Never attended school

8.0 (562)

Reference

  

Reference

  

Completed or attended primary school

29.5 (2.072)

0.88

0.69–1.11

0.278

0.87

0.69–1.11

0.260

 

Completed or attended secondary school

49.6 (3.484)

0.67

0.52–0.86

 < 0.01

0.65

0.51–0.84

 < 0.01

 

Completed or attended tertiary education

9.2 (645)

0.36

0.22–0.59

 < 0.01

0.39

0.24–0.63

 < 0.01

 

Don't know/refused

3.7 (262)

0.55

0.34–0.89

0.014

0.57

0.35–0.93

0.023

  1. Models constructed for all hookworm (N. americanus, A. duodenale and A. ceylanicum) and N. americanus only, due to prevalence of all other soil-transmitted helminth species < 1%
  2. aOR adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, Reference reference category for categorical variable
  3. *Proportion of the total sample size that had data from all sources (demographic and school questionnaire), N = 7030
  4. †Number of observations included in each multivariable model, not all 7030 observations included in the analysis due to missingness of specific variables (0.9% of cases had incomplete data for the predictors in these models and therefore not included in the analyses)
  5. aEthnicities where the number of students were less than 200 were grouped together under ‘other’ for risk factor analysis; see Additional file 1: Table S2 for a complete breakdown of student ethnicities
  6. bResponse for variable collapsed to align with WHO and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation definitions. Improved = piped water, protected well, rainwater or public tap. Unimproved = unprotected well or surface water
Back to article page

Parasites & Vectors

ISSN: 1756-3305

Contact us