Table 4 Demographic data and seroprevalence of infection with the three most prevalent co-infection combinations (Borrelia burgdorferi + Anaplasma spp., B. burgdorferi + Ehrlichia spp., and Dirofilaria immitis + Ehrlichia spp.) pathogens among 3750 dogs from shelters in 19 states in the Eastern United States
|  | n | Dirofilaria immitis + Ehrlichia spp. (%) | Borrelia burgdorferi + Ehrlichia spp. (%) | Borrelia burgdorferi + Anaplasma spp. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||
 < 1 year old | 492 | 1 (0.20) | 1 (0.20) | 4 (0.81) |
 ≥ 1 year old | 3100 | 58 (1.87) | 44 (1.42) | 47 (1.52) |
 Unknown | 158 | 0(0) | 1 (0.63) | 4 (2.53) |
Sex | ||||
 Female | 1938 | 32 (1.65) | 22 (1.14) | 25 (1.29) |
 Male | 1686 | 27 (1.60) | 23 (1.36) | 27 (1.60) |
 Unknown | 126 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.79) | 3 (2.38) |
Intact status | ||||
 Intact | 2163 | 46 (2.13) | 28 (1.29) | 34 (1.57) |
 Non-intact | 1274 | 13 (1.02) | 13 (1.02) | 16 (1.26) |
 Unknown | 313 | 0 (0) | 5 (1.60) | 5 (1.60) |
AKC breed group | ||||
 Herding | 391 | 6 (1.53) | 4 (1.02) | 10 (2.56) |
 Hound | 503 | 12 (2.39) | 22 (4.37) | 9 (1.79) |
 Non-Sporting | 159 | 3 (1.89) | 1 (0.63) | 0 (0) |
 Sporting | 466 | 9 (1.93) | 3 (0.64) | 16 (3.43) |
 Terrier | 1185 | 16 (1.35) | 13 (1.10) | 11 (0.93) |
 Toy | 418 | 1 (0.24) | 1 (0.24) | 0 (0) |
 Working | 268 | 3 (1.12) | 1 (0.37) | 2 (0.75) |
 Unknown | 360 | 9 (2.50) | 1 (0.28) | 7 (1.94) |
Region | ||||
 Northeast | 740 | 0 (0) | 13 (1.76) | 20 (2.70) |
  Maine | 189 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (3.70) |
  Maryland | 202 | 0 (0) | 13 (6.44) | 1 (0.50) |
  New Hampshire | 37 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.41) |
  New York | 171 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (5.26) |
  Pennsylvania | 141 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.71) |
 Midwest | 974 | 7 (0.72) | 4 (0.41) | 13 (1.33) |
  Kansas | 16 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Minnesota | 97 | 0 (0) | 1 (1.03) | 9 (9.28) |
  Missouri | 335 | 7 (2.09) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  North Dakota | 2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Ohio | 352 | 0 (0) | 3 (0.85) | 1 (0.28) |
  Wisconsin | 172 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.74) |
 Southeast | 2036 | 52 (2.55) | 29 (1.42) | 22 (1.08) |
  Florida | 372 | 7 (1.88) | 1 (0.27) | 0 (0) |
  Georgia | 200 | 3 (1.50) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Louisiana | 177 | 4 (2.26) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Mississippi | 116 | 9 (7.76) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  North Carolina | 197 | 22 (11.17) | 2 (1.02) | 0 (0) |
  Oklahoma | 200 | 2 (1.00) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Tennessee | 382 | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
  Virginia | 392 | 4 (1.02) | 26 (6.63) | 22 (5.61) |