Fig. 1

Study design. Health status and GIN infections were assessed by A the Five Point Check^© score for signs of disease including (1) presence of nasal discharge, (2) anaemia measured by a FAMACHA card, (3) presence of pitting oedema or bottle jaw, (4) body condition scoring, and (5) presence of dag or scour. B Direct faecal samples from individual goats were used for faecal egg counts to detect eggs of Strongyloides, strongyle, or Trichuris nematodes, or coccidial oocysts. C The same faecal samples from part B were desiccated and subjected to DNA extraction using a low-resource proteinase K and magbead system or a high-resource bead homogenisation and filter centrifugation system. D Extracted DNA was assessed by species-specific molecular methods on all or a subset of samples to detect the presence and relative abundance of GIN species. Worm symbol species-specific nematode identities, ITS-2 pan-nematode region of the internal transcribed spacer 2