Fig. 2

Individual goat health variation and co-infection burden. Forty-seven local breed goats assessed to determine A baseline goat demographics, B health as measured by the Five Point Check^© with percentage of at-risk individuals, C faecal egg counts of eggs per gram (EPG) or oocysts per gram (OPG), with OPG defined as 0 = 0, 1 = 1–300, 2 = 300–1000, 3 =  > 1000, and D presence of nematode and other helminths in faecal DNA by endpoint PCR with species-specific primers. Five Point Check^© scores were recorded as binary values (0 = healthy, 1 = needs intervention) or standardised scales FAMACHA (1/2 = healthy, 3 = borderline, 4 = needs intervention), BCS (2.5–2 = healthy, 1.5 = borderline, 1 = needs intervention). Goat IDs are stacked into contiguous columns for parts A–F (black arrowheads are shown for representation). Percentages from parts B–D are detection rates across specimens. For part D, presence was determined by band intensity as viewed by eye with faint bands deemed inconclusive and off-target hits determined by the presence of bands present outside of the expected size range for the target. na = not available