Fig. 3

Cross-validation of PCR methods to determine GIN infection species composition. PCR methods tested on faecal DNA extractions from Goat IDs 1–47 and a negative control = C, subjected to low-resource or high-resource extraction methods. Relative abundance analyses performed by A endpoint 35-cycle PCR with unbalanced DNA, B singleplex 29-cycle semi-quantitative PCR with 4.8 ng standardised input DNA, C Multiplex 35-cycle PCR with 4.8 ng standardised input DNA, and D–F qPCR with standardised 20 ng input DNA. Band intensities determined from normalised gel images for A-C and normalised fluorescence intensity from part D with specimen 42 shown for representation. Direction of band intensity scanning shown by white arrowheads. Goat IDs are stacked into contiguous columns for parts A–F (black arrowheads shown for representation)