Table 3 Overview of zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (ZCF) and qPCR parasite detection frequencies, co-infection frequencies, and agreement (overall, positive, and negative)

Samples with at least 1 parasite detected

354 (38%)

457 (49%)

0.74 (0.69–0.78)

0.97 (0.95–0.99)

0.8 (0.77–0.83)

All co-infections, 2 or more parasites detected

66 (7.1%)

172 (18.5%)

0.48 (0.4–0.55)

0.96 (0.88–0.98)

0.87 (0.85–0.89)

Co-infection, 2 parasites detected

51 (5.5%)

131 (14.1%)

0.36 (0.27–0.44)

0.725 (0.59–0.83)

0.89 (0.87–0.91)

Co-infection, 3 parasites detected

13 (1.4%)

33 (3.5%)

0.423 (0.24–0.6)

0.77 (0.5–0.92)

0.98 (0.96–0.98)

Co-infection, 4 parasites detected

2 (0.2%)

7 (0.7%)

0.44 (0.04–0.85)

1.0 (0.34–1)

0.99 (0.98–0.99

Co-infection, 5 parasites detected

0 (0%)

1 (0.1%)

N/A

N/A

0.99 (0.99–1.0)

Ancylostoma spp.

22 (2.4%)

31 (3.3%)

0.79 (0.66–0.91)

0.96 (0.78–0.99)

0.99 (0.98–0.99)

Toxocara spp.

306 (32.9%)

299 (32.1%)

0.94 (0.92–0.96)

0.95 (0.92–0.97)

0.99 (0.97–0.99)

Trichuris spp.

9 (1%)

25 (2.7%)

0.52 (0.32–0.73)

1 (0.7–1)

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

Giardia duodenalis

71 (7.6%)

243 (26.1%)

0.36 (0.3–0.42)

0.97 (0.9–0.99)

0.8 (0.77–0.82)

Cystoisospora spp.

29 (3.1%)

64 (6.9%)

0.58 (0.47–0.7)

0.97 (0.83–0.99)

0.96 (0.95–0.97)

Tritrichomonas blagburni

– (0%)

16 (1.7%)

N/A

N/A

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

Toxoplasma gondii

– (0%)

1 (0.1%)

N/A

N/A

0.99 (0.99–1)