Fig. 4

Effect of honokiol treatment time on Cryptocaryon irritans tomont apoptosis-like death. The C. irritans tomont treated with 1 μg/ml honokiol at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h and their NOR, PADR, AADR, NER, [Ca²⁺]_i concentration, ΔΨm, ROS, QDF, and caspase-3/8/9 activities were determined. The result shows that the [Ca²⁺]_i concentration began to increase significantly at 1 h, and then the ROS, QDF, and caspase-3/9 activities began to increase significantly and the ΔΨm began to decrease significantly at 2 h; the highest PADR was obtained at 4 h. The results are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 5. *Significant difference from the control sample (0.0 μg/ml), P < 0.05. **Highly significant difference from the control sample (0.0 μg/ml), P < 0.01