Genomic analyses indicate the North American Ap-ha variant of the tick-vectored bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum was introduced from Europe

Table 1 Average estimates of genetic diversity, and derived alleles at non-synonymous sites for both the North American (Ap-ha) and European (host-generalist ecotype) genomes

Genetic diversity estimates and derived alleles estimate^a	Vector-upregulated genes (n = 52)		Reservoir-upregulated genes (n = 67)		Core genes (n = 125)		Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test results (df = 2)^d
Genetic diversity estimates and derived alleles estimate^a	μ (SD)^b	Paired t-test results (df = 51)^c	μ (SD)^b	Paired t-test result (df = 66)^c	μ (SD)^b	Paired t-test results (df = 124)^c	Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test results (df = 2)^d
π_N America	0.00016 (0.00048)	t = − 5.574 P < 0.0001*	0.00019 (0.00054)	t = − 4.545 P < 0.0001*	0.00006 (0.00018)	t = − 10.610 P < 0.0001*	χ² = 3.955 P = 0.1384#
π_N Europe	0.00298a (0.00370)	t = − 5.574 P < 0.0001*	0.00300a (0.00525)	t = − 4.545 P < 0.0001*	0.00130b (0.00130)	t = − 10.610 P < 0.0001*	χ² = 6.741 P = 0.0344
θ_W America	0.00031 (0.00092)	t = − 5.687 P < 0.0001*	0.00035 (0.00102)	t = − 4.596 P < 0.0001*	0.00010 (0.00033)	t = − 10.534 P < 0.0001*	χ² = 4.021 P = 0.1339
θ_W Europe	0.00518a (0.00631)	t = − 5.687 P < 0.0001*	0.00525a (0.00907)	t = − 4.596 P < 0.0001*	0.00230b (0.00231)	t = − 10.534 P < 0.0001*	χ P² = 6.204 P = 0.0450#
Derived sites America (K_a)	0.00754 (0.00957)	t = 3.832 P = 0.0003*	0.00678 (0.01112)	t = 4.742 P < 0.0001*	0.00350 (0.00439)	t = 6.304 P < 0.0001*	χ² = 4.517 P = 0.1045
Derived sites Europe (K_a)	0.00194 (0.00478)	t = 3.832 P = 0.0003*	0.00050 (0.00126)	t = 4.742 P < 0.0001*	0.00079 (0.00253)	t = 6.304 P < 0.0001*	χ² = 2.534 P = 0.2816

SD Standard deviation
^aπ_N, Average number of nucleotide differences observed between samples per non-synonymous site; θ_W, number of segregating sites per locus, corrected for sequence length; K_a, number of fixed, derived alleles in each population divided by the total number of potential non-synonymous sites in that sequence
^bAverages (μ) followed by different lowercase letters indicate which comparisons were significantly different from one another
^cP-values marked with asterisk (*) indicate comparisons that were significantly different between geographic regions at P < 0.05 according to the paired t-test results
^dP-values marked with a hash sign (#) indicate comparisons that were significantly different between geographic regions at P < 0.05 according to the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test results

ISSN: 1756-3305