Genomic analyses indicate the North American Ap-ha variant of the tick-vectored bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum was introduced from Europe

Table 3 Average estimates of non-synonymous and synonymous genetic divergence and genetic divergence corrected for polymorphism levels between North American (Ap-ha) and European (host-generalist ecotype) genomes

Measures of genetic divergence^a	Vector-upregulated genes (n = 52)	Reservoir-upregulated genes (n = 67)	Core genes (n = 125)	Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test results (df = 2)^c
Measures of genetic divergence^a	μ (SD)^b	μ (SD)^b	μ (SD)^b	Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test results (df = 2)^c
d_XY non-synonymous	0.01158a (0.01119)	0.00900a (0.01314)	0.00514b (0.00508)	χ² = 14.60 P = 0.0007#
d_A non-synonymous	0.01001a (0.00991)	0.00741a,b (0.01064)	0.00446b (0.00475)	χ² = 14.10 P = 0.0009#
d_XY synonymous	0.04678 (0.03870)	0.04509 (0.03392)	0.04266 (0.02599)	χ² = 0.404 P = 0.8170
d_A synonymous	0.03982 (0.03482)	0.03767 (0.02827)	0.03595 (0.02362)	χ² = 0.433 P = 0.8054

^ad_XY, Average estimate of genetic divergence (number of nucleotide differences per locus); d_A, genetic divergence corrected for polymorphism level (average number of net nucleotide substitutions per site for each gene)
^bAverages (μ) followed by different lowercase letters indicate which comparisons were significantly different from one another
^cP-values marked with a hash sign (#) indicate comparisons that were significantly different between geographic regions at P < 0.05 according to the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test results

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