Table 1 Associations of the Route index with urbanization levels and land use categories inferred by generalized additive mixed models

Urbanization levels

 Rural-JP

Reference

Reference

 Suburban-JH

0.19

(0.07, 0.54)

0.17

(0.07, 0.43)

 Urban-SYL

0.10

(0.03, 0.29)

0.08

(0.03, 0.23)

Land use categories

 RES

Reference

Reference

 CON

0.52

(0.15, 1.73)

0.53

(0.18, 1.50)

 PAR

0.24

(0.07, 0.83)

0.23

(0.07, 0.70)

 SCH

0.20

(0.06, 0.70)

0.22

(0.07, 0.65)