Fig. 4

Mean predicted environmental suitability for Ixodes ricinus in Europe derived from 96 modelling approaches (A). The uncertainty in results between modelling approaches is also presented (B). The bottom graphics show the predicted environmental suitability for I. ricinus in Europe using a model trained with TerraClimate data from the extent of Europe and run using a MaxEnt modelling algorithm (C). The uncertainty in these results is also presented (D). This model was selected as best representing the current distribution of the species by a panel of experts; the output of all 96 models evaluated can be found in Additional file 7