Fig. 5

Excretory/secretory products regulate neutrophils’ cytokine secretion. IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4, and TNF-α mRNA expression and concentrations were analyzed from 10 ng/μl ESP-pretreated neutrophils (solid bars), untreated neutrophils (white bars). a qPCR analysis of cytokine mRNA levels. b The culture supernatants from two groups were collected after 3 h for cytokine measurement by ELISA. The results represent the mean (± standard error mean, SEM) of three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed to compare differences between the control (untreated neutrophils) and ESP-treated group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. ESP, excretory/secretory products