Table 3 Answers to knowledge, perceptions, and practices questions, globally and by NUTS2 region

Total (n)

3763

1284

769

1006

462

242

Had heard of leishmaniasis

72.3

61.9

78.1

77.5

78.1

75.9

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 103.9, df = 4)

(2704/3740)

(791/1277)

(596/763)

(777/1002)

(357/457)

(183/241)

 Source of information

  Television

53.2

61

52.3

51.2

49.7

38.1

(1406/2643)

(469/769)

(307/587)

(386/754)

(175/352)

(69/181)

  Veterinarian

48.1

39.5

48.9

52

52.8

57.5

(1273/2643)

(304/769)

(287/587)

(392/754)

(186/352)

(104/181)

 Cause

  Infectious

68.8

66.5

71.8

69.6

67.2

68.7

0.685 (χ²  = 5.1, df = 4)

(1817/2640)

(517/777)

(416/579)

(530/761)

(231/344)

(123/179)

 Route of transmission

  DK/CR

19.5

21

18

19.3

20.7

15.8

(526/2704)

(166/791)

(107/596)

(150/777)

(74/357)

(29/183)

   Knows

    Arthropod bite

88.2

88.3

89.8

86.8

86.9

91.6

(1922/2178)

(552/625)

(439/489)

(544/627)

(246/283)

(141/154)

    Sand fly bite

13.5

12.7

13.7

15.9

11.8

6.4

(260/1922)

(70/552)

(60/439)

(92/544)

(29/246)

(9/141)

    Contact with animals

19.6

20.6

19.4

20.1

19.4

13.6

(426/2178)

(129/625)

(95/489)

(126/627)

(55/283)

(21/154)

 Affects animals

91

86.3

93.6

93.2

93

89.6

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 32.4, df = 4)

(2451/2693)

(676/783)

(557/595)

(722/775)

(332/357)

(164/183)

  Clinical signs in animals

   DK/CR

46.5

49.4

44.2

48.8

43.4

38.4

(1139/2451)

(334/676)

(246/557)

(352/722)

(144/332)

(63/164)

   Knows

    Weight loss

52.3

43.9

49.8

56.2

64.9

50.5

(686/1312)

(150/342)

(155/311)

(208/370)

(122/188)

(51/101)

    Skin lesions

48.2

51.5

45.3

51.6

40.4

48.5

(633/1312)

(176/342)

(141/311)

(191/370)

(76/188)

(49/101)

  Treatable in animals

62.8

63.7

63.3

59

64.6

70.3

0.032* (χ²  = 10.4, df = 4)

(1397/2226)

(393/617)

(317/501)

(393/666)

(192/297)

(102/145)

  Lethal in animals

72.1

62.3

74.5

74.4

75.4

84.3

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 40.1, df = 4)

(1487/2063)

(336/539)

(350/470)

(472/634)

(215/285)

(113/134)

  Preventable in animals

78

74.8

77.9

78.1

80.1

86

0.057 (χ²  = 9.2, df = 4)

(1605/2059)

(415/555)

(363/466)

(489/626)

(221/276)

(117/136)

  Present in Portugal

86.1

82.2

86.2

87.8

88.1

90.2

0.010* (χ²  = 13.8, df = 4)

(2081/2418)

(544/662)

(473/549)

(628/715)

(289/328)

(148/164)

   Species affected

    DK/CR

6.9

8.1

5.5

7.6

5.5

6.8

(144/2081)

(44/543)

(26/473)

(48/628)

(16/289)

(10/148)

     Knows

      Dogs

97.4

97.6

96.6

97.6

96.7

100

(1893/1937)

(487/499)

(432/447)

(566/580)

(264/273)

(138/138)

      Cats

32.6

43.1

33.3

28.8

26

21.7

(632/1937)

(215/499)

(149/447)

(167/580)

(71/273)

(30/138)

  Affected animals close to household

11.6

6.4

12.2

14

13.5

15.8

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 22.4, df = 4)

(240/2069)

(34/534)

(57/468)

(88/630)

(38/281)

(23/146)

  Vaccine available

52.2

43.7

53.6

54.6

56.3

62

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 25.3, df = 4)

(1092/2090)

(238/545)

(253/472)

(347/636)

(161/286)

(93/150)

  Possible importation

61.6

58.9

61.5

64.6

58.5

65.2

0.174 (χ²  = 7.0, df = 4)

(1477/2399)

(387/657)

(334/543)

(460/712)

(189/323)

(107/164)

Affects humans

53.8

56.4

51.9

51.6

56.7

51.6

0.333 (χ²  = 6.0, df = 4)

(1433/2666)

(438/776)

(305/588)

(396/767)

(200/353)

(94/182)

 Organs affected

  DK/CR

57.1

55.7

56.4

60.1

58

51.1

(818/1433)

(244/438)

(172/305)

(238/396)

(116/200)

(48/94)

  Knows

   Skin

61.8

69.6

63.9

62

47.6

50

(380/615)

(135/194)

(85/133)

(98/158)

(40/84)

(23/46)

   Liver/spleen

37.7

30.9

33.1

48.7

46.4

28.3

(232/615)

(60/194)

(44/133)

(77/158)

(39/84)

(13/46)

  Treatable in humans

55.6

59.6

56.8

52.2

53.2

53.3

0.652 (χ²  = 5.4, df = 4)

(772/1388)

(251/421)

(168/296)

(206/395)

(99/186)

(48/90)

  Lethal in humans

35.4

32.3

38.2

32.9

40.6

41

0.295 (χ²  = 6.5, df = 4)

(438/1236)

(118/365)

(99/259)

(118/359)

(69/170)

(34/83)

  Preventable in humans

56.2

58.2

58.1

53

55.5

57.3

0.222 (χ²  = 6.7, df = 4)

(705/1254)

(217/373)

(151/260)

(194/366)

(96/173)

(47/82)

  Present in Portugal

78.7

77.6

84.6

74.5

78.7

83

0.042* (χ²  = 12.1, df = 4)

(1135/1442)

(339/437)

(259/306)

(304/408)

(155/197)

(78/94)

  Possible importation

70.2

72.1

72.9

68.2

66.8

68.1

0.450 (χ²  = 103.9, df = 4)

(1005/1432)

(313/434)

(223/306)

(274/402)

(131/196)

(64/94)

Regular contact with wild animals

4.3

2.6

5.9

3

8.1

5.6

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 32.1, df = 4)

(144/3387)

(30/1156)

(40/673)

(28/925)

(34/419)

(12/214)

Regular contact with domestic animals

70.5

70

77.7

63.6

74.1

73.6

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 44.7, df = 4)

(2524/3578)

(848/1212)

(565/727)

(616/969)

(326/440)

(170/231)

Regular nighttime outdoor activities

24.2

19.7

28.4

23.1

30.4

27.8

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 30.2, df = 4)

(825/3409)

(229/1162)

(195/686)

(214/928)

(127/418)

(60/216)

Nets in some/all windows/doors

23.7

12.9

25.2

23

45

38.6

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 217.0, df = 4)

(848/3572)

(157/1213)

(184/730)

(221/962)

(198/440)

(88/228)

Dog ownership

48.1

46.3

57.6

39.5

55.4

50.2

 < 0.001* (χ²  = 67.6, df = 4)

(1775/3688)

(578/1248)

(433/752)

(394/997)

(251/453)

(119/237)

  Dog outdoors during nighttime

63.8

60.5

69.2

63.7

62.9

62

0.082 (χ²  = 8.3, df = 4)

(1055/1653)

(321/531)

(277/400)

(239/375)

(151/240)

(67/108)

  Use of repellents/insecticides

82.2

80.7

83.2

86.2

80.9

76.2

0.096 (χ²  = 7.9, df = 4)

(1320/1605)

(413/512)

(326/392)

(312/362)

(190/235)

(80/105)

   Spot-on

55

60

58

51

45.8

55

(726/1320)

(248/413)

(189/326)

(159/312)

(87/190)

(44/80)

   Collar

40.9

32

40.5

49

47.9

40

(540/1320)

(132/413)

(132/326)

(153/312)

(91/190)

(32/80)

   All year round

62.8

63.2

59.5

66.7

58.9

67.5

0.090 (χ²  = 5.5, df = 4)

(829/1320)

(261/413)

(194/326)

(208/312)

(112/190)

(54/80)

  Regular veterinary follow-up

90.6

89.3

87.9

95.1

88.9

95.3

0.002* (χ² = 16.8, df = 4)

(1472/1625)

(466/522)

(348/396)

(349/367)

(209/235)

(101/106)

  Use of vaccine against canine leishmaniasis every year

21.7

14.4

20.6

28.2

25.5

31.9

 < 0.001* (χ² = 37.9, df = 4)

(385/1775)

(83/578)

(89/433)

(111/394)

(64/251)

(38/119)