Table 2 Answers to knowledge questions, globally and by student/professional group
Questions | All | Students | Professionals | p-value global | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global | Medicine | Veterinary science | EH | P-value | Global | Physicians | Veterinarians | EHTs | P-value | |||
Heard of leishmaniasis? | ||||||||||||
 Animals only | 17.7 (86/486) | 28.3 (72/254) | 26.4 (37/140) | 29.6 (29/98) | 37.5 (6/16) | 0.094 (FET = 10.8) | 6.0 (14/232) | 2.6 (3/116) | 3.5 (2/57) | 11.9 (7/59) | 0.004* (FET = 19.4) |  < 0.001* (FET = 49.8) |
 Humans only | 4.3 (21/486) | 3.9 (10/254) | 6.4 (9/140) | 0 (0/98) | 6.2 (1/16) | 4.7 (11/232) | 9.5 (11/116) | 0 (0/57) | 0 (0/59) | |||
 Humans and animals | 75.3 (366/486) | 63.4 (161/254) | 60.0 (84/140) | 70.4 (69/98) | 50.0 (8/16) | 88.4 (205/232) | 87.9 (102/116) | 96.5 (55/57) | 81.4 (48/59) | |||
 No/DK/CR | 2.7 (13/486) | 4.3 (11/254) | 7.1 (10/140) | 0 (0/98) | 6.2 (1/16) | 0.9 (2/232) | 0 (0/116) | 0 (0/57) | 6.8 (4/59) | |||
Heard of leishmaniasis during course work? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 82.4 (361/438) | 82.0 (169/206) | 82.8 (77/93) | 86.7 (85/98) | 46.7 (7/15) | 0.001* (χ2 = 14.2, df = 2) | 82.8 (192/232) | 85.3 (99/116) | 100 (57/57) | 63.2 (36/57) |  < 0.001* (FET = 26.1) | 0.843 (χ2 = 0.04, df = 1) |
Heard of leishmaniasis outside of course work/work? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 50.2 (220/438) | 70.4 (145/206) | 47.3 (44/93) | 88.8 (87/98) | 93.3 (14/15) |  < 0.001* (FET = 43.4) | 32.3 (75/232) | 25.0 (29/116) | 40.4 (23/57) | 40.4 (23/57) | 0.046* (χ2= 6.2, df = 2) |  < 0.001* (χ2 = 63.2, df = 1) |
Pathogenic agent | ||||||||||||
 Bacteria | 1.9 (9/469) | 2.5 (6/241) | 3.9 (5/128) | 1.0 (1/98) | 0 (0/15) | 0.231 (FET = 8.1) | 1.3 (3/228) | 0 (0/114) | 0 (0/57) | 5.3 (3/57) | 0.001* (FET = 22.0) | 0.145 (FET = 5.4) |
 Virus | 5.5 (26/469) | 7.1 (17/241) | 5.5 (7/128) | 9.2 (9/98) | 6.7 (1/15) | 3.9 (9/228) | 0 (0/114) | 1.8 (1/57) | 14.0 (8/57) | |||
 Parasite | 89.1 (418/469) | 85.9 (207/241) | 83.6 (107/128) | 88.8 (87/98) | 86.7 (13/15) | 92.5 (211/228) | 96.5 (110/114) | 98.2 (56/57) | 78.9 (45/57) | |||
 Other/DK | 3.4 (16/469) | 4.6 (11/241) | 7.0 (9/128) | 1.0 (1/98) | 6.7 (1/15) | 2.2 (5/228) | 3.5 (4/114) | 0 (0/57) | 1.8 (1/57) | |||
Same species in animals/humans? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 74.4 (265/356) | 64.7 (99/153) | 52.4 (44/84) | 79.7 (55/69) | NA |  < 0.001* (χ2 = 12.4, df = 1) | 81.8 (166/203) | 74.0 (74/100) | 89.1 (49/55) | 89.6 (43/48) | 0.018* (χ2 = 8.0, df = 2) |  < 0.001* (χ2 = 13.4, df = 1) |
Main route of transmission | ||||||||||||
 Arthropod bite | 97.1 (442/455) | 97.8 (225/230) | 96.6 (115/119) | 99.0 (96/97) | 100 (14/14) |  | 96.4 (217/225) | 92.8 (103/111) | 100 (57/57) | 98.2 (56/57) |  |  |
 Mosquito bite | 35.3 (156/442) | 43.6 (98/225) | 53.9 (62/115) | 29.2 (28/96) | 57.1 (8/14) |  | 26.7 (58/217) | 41.7 (43/103) | 8.8 (5/57) | 17.9 (10/56) |  |  |
 Sand fly bite | 72.4 (320/442) | 66.2 (149/225) | 56.5 (65/115) | 84.4 (81/96) | 21.4 (3/14) |  | 78.8 (171/217) | 65.0 (67/103) | 100 (57/57) | 83.9 (47/56) |  |  |
 Flea bite | 7.9 (35/442) | 13.3 (30/225) | 17.4 (20/115) | 7.3 (7/96) | 21.4 (3/14) |  | 2.3 (5/217) | 4.9 (5/103) | 0 (0/57) | 0 (0/56) |  |  |
 Tick bite | 9.0 (40/442) | 14.2 (32/225) | 19.1 (22/115) | 6.2 (6/96) | 28.6 (4/14) |  | 3.7 (8/217) | 5.8 (6/103) | 1.8 (1/57) | 1.8 (1/56) |  |  |
 Direct contact with animals | 12.7 (58/455) | 13.5 (31/230) | 19.3 (23/119) | 8.2 (8/97) | 0 (0/14) |  | 12.0 (27/225) | 15.3 (17/111) | 3.5 (2/57) | 14.0 (8/57) |  |  |
 Animal bite/scratch | 7.5 (34/455) | 10.4 (24/230) | 13.4 (16/119) | 8.2 (8/97) | 0 (0/14) |  | 4.4 (10/225) | 4.5 (5/111) | 1.8 (1/57) | 7.0 (4/57) |  |  |
 Blood transfusion | 21.1 (96/455) | 21.3 (49/230) | 13.4 (16/119) | 32.0 (31/97) | 14.3 (2/14) |  | 20.9 (47/225) | 18.0 (20/111) | 31.6 (18/57) | 15.8 (9/57) |  |  |
 Vertical | 14.5 (66/455) | 13.0 (30/230) | 10.9 (13/119) | 16.5 (16/97) | 7.1 (1/14) |  | 16.0 (36/225) | 13.5 (15/111) | 26.3 (15/57) | 10.5 (6/57) |  |  |
 Organ transplant | 8.8 (40/455) | 7.0 (16/230) | 4.2 (5/119) | 11.3 (11/97) | 0 (0/14) |  | 10.7 (24/225) | 13.5 (15/111) | 12.3 (7/57) | 3.5 (2/57) |  |  |
 DK/CR | 3.8 (18/473) | 5.3 (13/243) | 8.5 (11/130) | 1.0 (1/98) | 6.7 (1/15) | 0.046* (FET = 6.2) | 2.2 (5/230) | 4.3 (5/116) | 0 (0/57) | 0 (0/57) | 0.515 (FET = 1.3) | 0.071 (χ2 = 3.3, df = 1) |
Is animal leishmaniasis diagnosed in Portugal? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 87.4 (333/381) | 85.8 (188/219) | 79.3 (96/121) | 93.9 (92/98) | 80.0 (12/15) | 0.008* (FET = 9.6) | 89.5 (145/162) | 83.8 (88/105) | 100 (57/57) | 96.5 (55/57) | 0.002* (FET = 12.4) | 0.287 (χ2 = 1.1, df = 1) |
Is human leishmaniasis diagnosed in Portugal? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 69.4 (218/314) | 49.3 (73/148) | 51.2 (41/80) | 47.1 (32/68) | NA | 0.611 (χ2 = 0.26, df = 1) | 87.3 (145/166) | 91.9 (102/111) | 78.2 (43/55) | NA | 0.012* (χ2 = 6.3, df = 1) |  < 0.001* (χ2 = 53.3, df = 1) |
Is leishmaniasis endemic in Portugal? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 98.6 (354/359) | 99.3 (144/145) | 97.6 (40/41) | 100 (92/92) | 100 (12/12) | 0.280 (FET = 2.5) | 98.1 (210/214) | 97.1 (99/102) | 100 (57/57) | 98.2 (54/55) | 0.850 (FET = 0.32) | 0.349 (FET = 0.65) |
Animal species most affected | ||||||||||||
 Dogs | 98.0 (345/352) | 97.0 (194/200) | 97.9 (95/97) | 96.7 (88/91) | 91.7 (11/12) | 0.372 (FET = 1.5) | 99.3 (151/152) | 100 (86/86) | 100 (11/11) | 98.2 (54/55) | 0.434 (FET = 2.9) | 0.146 (FET = 2.4) |
 Cats | 19.9 (70/352) | 26.5 (53/200) | 37.1 (36/97) | 14.3 (13/91) | 33.3 (4/12) |  | 11.3 (17/151) | 15.1 (13/86) | 0 (0/11) | 7.3 (4/55) |  |  |
 Other(s)a | 19.6 (69/352) | 20.0 (40/200) | 21.6 (21/97) | 20.9 (19/91) | 0 (0/12) |  | 19.2 (29/151) | 20.9 (18/86) | 9.1 (1/11) | 18.2 (10/55) |  |  |
 DK/CR | 2.5 (9/361) | 2.9 (6/206) | 2.0 (2/99) | 4.2 (4/95) | 0 (0/12) | 0.609 (FET = 1.5) | 1.9 (3/155) | 2.3 (2/88) | 9.1 (1/12) | 0 (0/55) | 0.164 (FET = 1.8) | 0.734 (FET = 0.35) |
Presentation of Leishmania infection | ||||||||||||
 Always symptomatic | 7.0 (21/301) | 3.5 (5/142) | 1.8 (1/55) | 3.8 (3/79) | 12.5 (1/8) | 0.304 (FET = 4.8) | 10.1 (16/159) | 15.1 (8/53) | 1.8 (1/57) | 14.3 (7/49) | 0.006* (FET = 14.4) | 0.015* (χ2 = 8.3, df = 2) |
 Mostly symptomatic | 68.4 (206/301) | 66.2 (94/142) | 60.0 (33/55) | 68.4 (54/79) | 87.5 (7/8) | 70.4 (112/159) | 58.5 (31/53) | 73.7 (42/57) | 79.6 (39/49) | |||
 Mostly asymptomatic | 24.6 (74/301) | 30.3 (43/142) | 38.2 (21/55) | 27.8 (22/79) | 0 (0/8) | 19.5 (31/159) | 26.4 (14/53) | 24.6 (14/57) | 6.1 (3/49) | |||
 DK/CR | 19.1 (71/372) | 30.7 (63/205) | 40.9 (38/93) | 18.6 (18/97) | 46.7 (7/15) | 0.001* (χ2 = 13.0, df = 2) | 4.8 (8/167) | 0 (0/53) | 0 (0/57) | 14.0 (8/57) | 0.006* (FET = 10.2) |  < 0.001* (χ2 = 40.1, df = 1) |
Is there any treatment in humans? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 68.8 (159/231) | 57.4 (81/141) | 70.3 (45/64) | 44.1 (30/68) | 66.7 (6/9) | 0.008* (FET = 9.6) | 86.7 (78/90) | 83.3 (35/42) | NA | 89.6 (43/48) | 0.384 (χ2 = 0.76, df = 1) |  < 0.001* (χ2 = 21.9, df = 1) |
Is there any treatment in animals? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 67.1 (114/170) | 57.3 (63/110) | NA | 56.2 (54/96) | 64.3 (9/14) | 0.570 (χ2 = 0.32, df = 1) | 85.0 (51/60) | NA | 100 (6/6) | 83.3 (45/54) | 0.415 (FET = 0.58) |  < 0.001* (χ2 = 13.5, df = 1) |
Vaccine available for dogs? | ||||||||||||
 Yes | 76.3 (190/249) | 82.8 (82/99) | NA | 84.1 (74/88) | 72.7 (8/11) | 0.346 (FET = 0.40) | 72.0 (108/150) | 64.7 (55/85) | 100 (11/11) | 77.8 (42/54) | 0.068 (FET = 5.4) | 0.049* (χ2 = 3.9, df = 1) |