Fig. 1

Map of Nepal showing visceral leishmaniasis endemicity (situation as of the year 2016–2017) (inset) and the locations of the study districts and villages. VL villages, villages reporting VL cases in three consecutive years prior to the inception of the study. Non-VL villages, villages without any reported VL cases in the last 10 years before the start of the study. The map was produced with QGIS (version 3.10.2) with open access shapefile. (https://opendatanepal.com/dataset/new-political-and-administrative-boundaries-shapefile-of-nepal)