Fig. 4

Larval production following meticulous mite control and changes initiated to reduce infestations. a Number of larval pots/jars maintained at the LMVR-NIH from 2013 to 2022. b Annual mite counts from 10 randomly chosen pupal pots throughout colony infestation and post-treatment with miticide (LMVR-NIH), Kruskal Wallis Test with Dunn's multiple comparisons. **< 0.0057, ***= 0.0001 and ****< 0.0001. c Collection of adult Tyrophagus sp., Lu. longipalpis adult carcasses and plaster (Home Depot Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA) debris in a 300-μm cell strainer. d Fiber polymer absorbent facial sponges (BWXXR), which come in compressed sticks (left), open in water to round (right). e Wet fiber polymer absorbent facial sponges in rearing tray for maintaining humidity, and perforated lids of larval pots covered with a fine black gauze top secured with an open plastic cap (with a hole cut in the middle). f Washed-rearing pots stored upside-down in a clean tray lid until use. g Larval pots containing robust and healthy first- and second-instar larvae. h Third- and fourth-instar larvae and pupae (red arrow) of Lu. longipalpis sand flies (UCalgary). NMVR–NIH, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA. UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada