Table 1 Candidate covariates evaluated for predicting the presence of aquatic habitats of An. funestus mosquitoes

Village

Physical parameter recorded for each aquatic habitat in the field

Habitat type^a

Habitat size

Water depth

Water source^a

Watercolor^a

Water movement^a

Permanence of water^a

Presence of vegetation

Vegetation types

Algae status

Types of algae

Presence of shade^a

Surroundings environment^a

Distance to nearby house

Proportion of:

Proportion of land cover classes calculated in a 300-m buffer around each aquatic habitat from the surveyed points

Data from European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2 satellite imagery [28]

- tree/forest areas^a

- shrublands

- grassland

- crops

- built-up areas^a

- bare land

- flooded vegetation

Distance (m) from the nearest:

Distances (m) between each aquatic habitat and the nearest patch of each land cover class

Data from European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-2 satellite imagery [28]

- tree/forest

- shrubland

- grassland

- crops

- built-up area

- bare land

- flooded vegetation

Elevation (m)

Derived from a 10-m resolution digital elevation model (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) [27]

Slope (°)

Aspect

Population density

Number of people living in the 300-m buffer

Data obtained from the Global Human Settlement Layer project [30]