Fig. 4

Resistance dynamics in Morocco from 2018 to 2021. The dynamics of each resistance mutation frequency (a kdr, b ace-1 G119S, c ace-1 F290V and d Ester²) are presented with their 95% confidence intervals for the focal populations of each region (same colors as Fig. 3; the sample sites are the same as in Arich et al. [45], see Table 1, bolded and italicized)