Table 2 Summary of microscopic examination, amplicon analysis, and PCR identification of nematodes in 106 captive wild animals
Animal types | Numbered with letter | Nematode species | Detection rate (%) | Captive wild animals (detected nematodes) | Co-infective samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herbivore | A | Haemonchus contortus | 21.1 (31/147) | Impala (A, B, D, G), cape oryx (A, B, D, F), giraffe (A, B, C, E), black goat (A, B, C, F), suri alpaca (A, B), blue sheep (A, B, H), big-eared goat (A, B), argali (A, B, E) | 26 |
B | Strongyloides | 7.5 (11/147) | |||
C | Trichuris ovis | 6.1 (9/147) | |||
D | Cooperia | 3.4 (5/147) | |||
E | Capillariidae | 3.4 (5/147) | |||
F | Trichostrongylus colubriformis | 2.0 (3/147) | |||
G | Nematodirus helvetianus | 0.7 (1/147) | |||
H | Oxyuridomorpha | 0.7 (1/147) | |||
Non-human primate | A | Strongyloides | 14.0 (14/100) | Stump-tailed monkey (A, D, F), macaque (A, B, C, D, F), cynomolgus monkey (A, B), golden monkey, Francois's langur (A, B, E), baboon (B), pig-tailed macaque, patas monkey, white-cheeked gibbon, ring-tailed lemur (A, C) | 14 |
B | Trichuris | 12.0 (12/100) | |||
C | Trichuris trichiura | 11.0 (11/100) | |||
D | Oesophagostomum aculeatum | 6.0 (6/100) | |||
E | Oxyuridomorpha | 3.0 (3/100) | |||
F | Haemonchus contortus | 2.0 (2/100) | |||
Avian | A | Capillariidae | 5.7 (8/140) | Blue pheasant (A, B, D), peafowl (A, B), pigeon (A, C), red-breasted parakeet, white cockatoo, silver pheasant (A), yellow-bellied tragopan, emu (B/C) | 5 |
B | Heterakis gallinarum | 4.3 (6/140) | |||
C | Ascaridia nymphii | 2.1 (2/140) | |||
D | Strongyloides | 0.7 (1/140) | |||
Carnivore | A | Toxascaris leonina | 5.4 (4/74) | South China tiger (A, B), Bengal white tiger, Malayan sun bear (B), lesser panda, Chinese pangolin (C) | 1 |
B | Ancylostoma ceylanicum | 4.1 (3/74) | |||
C | Strongyloides | 4.1 (3/74) | |||
Omnivore | A | Trichuris | 20.0 (5/25) | Porcupine (A, B), nutria (A) | 2 |
B | Wellcomia | 8.0 (2/25) | |||
Reptile | A | Oxyuridomorpha | 38.5 (10/26) | Rhino iguana, bearded dragon, green iguana (A), tortoise (B) | 0 |
B | Capillariidae | 3.8 (1/26) |