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Table 1 Percentages of the genotypic (n) and the mutant [1014F] allelic (95% confidence interval) frequencies of the kdr gene in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations by period and location using a layered 3 × 3 × 3 contingency table

From: The frequency of kdr and ace-1 alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. before and during indoor residual spraying (IRS) implementation and four years after IRS withdrawal in three districts in Atacora, Benin

Location

Period

Mos (n)

RR

1014F/1014F

RS

1014L/1014F

SS

1014L/1014L

F

[1014F allele]

P

Boukoumbé

BIRS

27

37% (10)a

63% (17)a

0% (0)

69% (56–81%)

 < 0.001

 

DIRS

31

74% (23)b

26% (8)b

0% (0)

87% (79–95%)

 
 

WIRS

277

87% (240)b

6% (17)c

7% (20)

90% (87–92%)

 

Péhunco

BIRS

28

32% (9)a

68% (19)a

0% (0)

66% (54–78%)

 < 0.001

 

DIRS

33

79% (26)b

21% (7)b

0% (0)

89% (82–97%)

 
 

WIRS

554

87% (481)b

7% (37)c

7% (36)

90% (88–92%)

 

Toucountouna

BIRS

26

50% (13)a

42% (11)a

8% (2)a

71% (59–83%)

0.001

 

DIRS

36

69% (25)a,b

28% (10)a

3% (1)a

83% (75–92%)

 
 

WIRS

80

84% (67)b

8% (6)b

9% (7)a

88% (82–93%)

 

Total

BIRS

81

40% (32)a

58% (47)a

3% (2)a

69% (61–76%)

 < 0.001

 

DIRS

100

74% (74)b

25% (25)b

1% (1)a

87% (82–91%)

 
 

WIRS

911

87% (788)c

7% (60)c

7% (63)a

90% (88–91%)

 
  1. Each superscript letter denotes a subset of genotype categories whose column proportions do not differ significantly from each other at the 0.05 level. BIRS, before IRS; DIRS (2010), during IRS (2016); WIRS, 4 years after IRS withdrawal (2020). Frequency of the 1014F allele with the 95% confidence interval