The frequency of kdr and ace-1 alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. before and during indoor residual spraying (IRS) implementation and four years after IRS withdrawal in three districts in Atacora, Benin

Table 5 Results of a multivariable logistic regression models indicating the association (odds ratio) between the independent variables of IRS-period, location, and species; dependent variables of the homozygous mutant genotypes of kdr (1014F/1014F); and the combined homozygous and heterozygous mutant genotypes of ace-1 (119S/119S and 119G/119S)

Parameters	Variables	Odd ratio (95% confidence interval)
Parameters	Variables	kdr^†	ace-1^‡
	(Intercept)	0.66 (0.39–1.09)	0.04 (0.01–0.10)
Period	During IRS (2010)	5.17 (2.75–9.99)	15.54 (5.27–66.65)
	Withdrawal of IRS (2016)	11.75 (7.11–19.72)	1.83 (0.65–7.66)
	Before IRS (2020)	1*	1*
Location	Péhunco	1.02 (0.70–1.48)	1.21 (0.74–2.04)
	Toucountouna	1.01 (0.60–1.72)	1.04 (0.51–2.05)
	Boukoumbé	1*	1*
Sibling species	Non-An. gambiae s.s	0.22 (0.14–0.36)	0.49 (0.16–1.18)
	An. gambiae s.s. only	1*	1*

^†The dependent variable was the logit of the homozygous mutant kdr genotype (1014F/1014F) and the heterozygous mutant and homozygous susceptible kdr genotypes (1014L/1014F and 1014L/1014L). ^‡The dependent variable was the logit of the combined homozygous and heterozygous mutant genotypes (119S/119S and 119G/119S) and the susceptible genotype (homozygous 119G). ^*Reference group

ISSN: 1756-3305