The frequency of kdr and ace-1 alleles in Anopheles gambiae s.l. before and during indoor residual spraying (IRS) implementation and four years after IRS withdrawal in three districts in Atacora, Benin

Table 6 Variation in observed and expected heterozygosity and fixation index

Period	Districts	Number tested	L 1014F mutation of kdr gene			G 119S mutation of ace-1 gene
Period	Districts	Number tested	H_o	H_e	F_IS (W&C)	Ho	He	F_IS (W&C)
BIRS	Boukoumbé	27	0.630	0.440	−0.4444	0.000	0.000	NA
	Péhunco	27	0.667	0.453	− 0.4857	0.074	0.073	− 0.0196
	Toucountouna	26	0.423	0.419	− 0.0110	0.038	0.038	− 0.0000
DIRS	Boukoumbé	30	0.267	0.235	− 0.1373	0.433	0.345	− 0.2609
	Péhunco	30	0.200	0.183	− 0.0943	0.233	0.345	0.3278
	Toucountouna	30	0.200	0.235	− 0.1512	0.333	0.325	− 0.0247
WIRS	Boukoumbé	251	0.048	0.147	0.6751	0.060	0.058	− 0.0288
	Péhunco	510	0.059	0.151	0.6114	0.073	0.070	− 0.0367
	Toucountouna	72	0.083	0.199	0.5828	0.069	0.081	− 0.0294

BIRS, before IRS; DIRS (2010), during IRS (2016); WIRS, 4 years after IRS withdrawal; (2020); H_o, observed heterozygosity; H_e, expected heterozygosity; F_IS, fixation index

ISSN: 1756-3305