Fig. 1

Machine learning prediction of An. funestus age classes. A Comparison of standard ML classifiers in predicting An. funestus age classes; KNN k-nearest neighbours, LR logistic regression, SVM support vector machine, RF random forest, XGBoost gradient boosting, MLP multilayer perceptron. B Confusion matrix for predicting the age class of An. funestus using XGBoost on an unseen dataset, results for the ML trained with all spectral features