Advances in the study of the interaction between schistosome infections and the host's intestinal microorganisms

Parasites & Vectors

Table 2 Changes in metabolites observed in urine

	Metabolite	Related pathway	Trend	References
Gut microflora	Dimethylamine	Carbon metabolism; methane metabolism	↑or↓^a	[38, 41]
	Hippurate	Bile secretion	↓	[38, 41]
	Phenylacetylglycine (PAG)	Phenylalanine metabolism	↑	[37, 43]
	Trimethylamine	Carbon metabolism; methane metabolism	↑	[41, 43]
Energy metabolism	2-Oxoglutarate	Citrate cycle (tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle)	↓	[37, 38, 107]
	Acetate	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	↓	[41, 43]
	Alanine	Phenylalanine metabolism; protein digestion and absorption	↑	[37, 38]
	Citrate	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	↓	[104, 108]
	Fumarate	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	↓	[38, 104]
	Pyruvate	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	↑	[38, 41]
	Succinate	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle); carbon metabolism	↓	[38, 41]
	Citrate	Citrate cycle (TCA cycle); carbon metabolism	↓	[37, 43]
Liver function	Acetone	Amino acid metabolism	-	[37, 43]
	Creatine	Amino acid metabolism	↑	[41, 43]
	Methylguanidine	ND	↑	[41, 43]
	2-Oxo isocaproate	Biosynthesis of amino acids	↓	[41, 43]
	3-Hydroxy butyrate	Degradation of amino acids	↓	[41, 43]
Other	Formate	Pyruvate metabolism	↓	[41, 43]
	Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)	Methane metabolism	↑	[41, 43]
	Trigonelline	Tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis	↓	[38, 41]

ND: No metabolic pathways involved in this metabolite were found in this study
^aDimethylamine increased after S. japonicum infection but decreased after S. mansoni infection

ISSN: 1756-3305