Table 3 Probiotic strains used against schistosomiasis infection in mice

S. mansoni

Zymomonas mobilis

C57B1/10 male mice

Oral administration of 10⁹ CFU/ml, at a dose of 0.3 ml/day

Provoked a secondary immune response

Resulted in 61% protection

[95]

S. mansoni

Probiotic yogurt (containing probiotic strains of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum , and Lactobacillus reutrie strains)

Female Swiss albino mice

10⁶ CFU each mixed with feed

Significant stimulation of IgM response against SWAP before and after infection

Increased IgM; decreased activity of AST, LDH, and γGT

[91]

S. mansoni

Probiotic labneh containing Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and DVS-ABT2

Female Swiss albino mice

Fed probiotic labneh and garlic and onions for 21 days before and 45 days after infection

Improved intestinal balance

50–66% reduction in worm burden; 70% and 56.44% egg count reduction in liver and intestine, respectively

[89]

S. mansoni

Lactobacillus sporogenes

Male albino CD-1 mice

Oral administration of 12.5 million spores/mouse/week for 8 weeks

Decreased cytokine-induced chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage

Significant reduction in chromosomal aberrations

[94]

S. mansoni

Lactobacillus sporogenes

Male albino CD-1 mice

Oral administration of 12.5 million spores/mouse/week for 8 weeks from the first day of infection

Reduced DNA damage, ameliorated hepatic and intestinal damage

Reduced worm and egg count

[88]

S. mansoni

Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 20080

Male CD-1 Swiss albino mice

Mixed at a ratio of 108:108 CFU/g, 100 μl/mouse through oral gavage tubes

Decreased transaminase levels in serum, reduced oxidative stress, and exhibited antioxidant properties

Revealed significant anti-apoptotic and antioxidant effects, and decreased the granuloma formation in hepatic tissue

[93]

S. japonicum

Bacillus subtilis CMCC(B) 63501

Male pathogen-free BALB/c mice

Oral administration of 0.3 ml/mouse/3 days for 6 weeks

Alleviated intestinal injury by modulating gene expression profiles

Attenuated intestinal and liver pathological injury

[87]

S. mansoni

Bacillus clausii

Swiss Webster female mice

Daily by gavage in a single dose of 2 × 109 CFU in 300 μl of sterile saline solution

Stimulated non-specific host immune resistance to pathogens

Reduced total worm load and female worms

[92]

S. japonicum

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Female pathogen-free BALB/c mice

Each mouse given a 0.3-ml suspension of B. amyloliquefaciens every 3 days

Reshaped the intestinal microenvironment of infected mice by modulating the relative abundance of potentially beneficial and harmful bacteria as well as the network of interactive relationships of the intestinal microbiome

Alleviated the pathological reaction

[86]

S. mansoni

Bacillus cereus GM

Female Swiss Webster mice

10⁵ spores in 300 μl of sterile saline solution/mouse/day

Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-6) remained elevated, and were significantly involved in the reduction of the parasitic burden of S. mansoni

Reduced the number of worms and eggs in the liver tissue and the volume of granulomas, and improved the levels of some liver markers

[90]