Pawlowski ZS, Eckert J, Vuitton DA, Ammann RW, Kern P, Craig PS, et al. Echinococcosis in humans: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. In: Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS, editors. WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris: World Health Organization; 2001. p. 20–71.
Google Scholar
Kern P. Report of the WHO Informal Working Group on cystic and alveolar echinococcosis surveillance, prevention and control, with the participation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Organisation for Animal Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. p. 1–3.
Google Scholar
Keiss J, Sondore V, Cernusenko A, Viksna L, Rozentale B. Current trends in echinococcosis in Latvia. The 17th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) & 25th International Congress of Chemotherapy (ICC), Conference Proceedings. 2007. p. 122–3.
Laivacuma S, Vīksne L. Case analyzes of alveolar echinococossis. Riga Stradins University Scientific Conference 2014, Abstracts. 2014. p. 184.
Google Scholar
Thompson RCA, McManus DP. Aetiology: parasites and life-cycles. In: Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS, editors. WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris: World Health Organization; 2001. p. 1–19.
Google Scholar
Romig T. Spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe? In: Craig P, Pawlowski Z, editors. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis. An emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: Ios Press; 2002. p. 65–80.
Romig T, Dinkel A, Mackensted U. The present situation of echinococcosis in Europe. Parasitol Int. 2006;55:187–91.
Article
Google Scholar
Eckert J, Schantz PM, Gasser RB, Torgerson PR, Bessonov AS, Movsessian SO, et al. Geographic distribution and prevalence. In: Eckert J, Gemmell MA, Meslin FX, Pawlowski ZS, editors. WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. Paris: World Health Organization; 2001. p. 100–42.
Google Scholar
Sikó SB, Deplazes P, Cozma V, Pop S, Tivadar C, Bogolin I, Popescu R. Echinococcus multilocularis confirmed in Romania. Sci Parasitol. 2010;11(2):89–96.
Google Scholar
Osterman Lind E, Juremalm M, Christensson D, Widgren S, Hallgren G, Agren EO, et al. First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in Sweden, February to March 2011. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(14):19836.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davidson RK, Romig T, Jenkins E, Tryland M, Robertson LJ. The impact of globalisation on the distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol. 2012;28(6):239–47.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mažeika V, Paulauskas A, Balčiauskas L. New data on the helminth fauna of rodents of Lithuania. Acta Zool Litu. 2003;13:41–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Moks E, Saarma U, Valdmann H. Echinococcus multilocularis in Estonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1973–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bagrade G, Šnábel V, Romig T, Ozoliņš J, Hüttner M, Miterpáková M, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis is a frequent parasite of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Latvia. Helminthologia. 2008;45(4):157–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Deplazes P, Hegglin D, Gloor S, Romig T. Wilderness in the city: the urbanization of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol. 2004;20:77–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mackenstedt U, Jenkins D, Romig T. The role of wildlife in the transmission of parasitic zoonoses in peri-urban and urban areas. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2015;4:71–9.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Plumer L, Davison J, Saarma U. Rapid urbanization of red foxes in Estonia: distribution, behaviour, attacks on domestic animals, and health-risks related to zoonotic diseases. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115124.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laurimaa L, Davison J, Plumer L, Süld K, Oja R, Moks E, et al. Noninvasive detection of Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm in urban area, Estonia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(1):163–4.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zorenko T, Leontyeva T. Species diversity and distribution of mammals in Riga. Acta Zool Litu. 2003;13(1):78–86.
Article
Google Scholar
Liccioli S, Giraudoux P, Deplazes P, Massolo A. Wilderness in the ‘city’ revisited: different urbes shape transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis by altering predator and prey communities. Trends Parasitol. 2015;31(7):297–305.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
State Monitoring plan of animal infectious diseases (in Latvian). Food and Veterinary Service. Riga: Ministry of Agriculture; 2014. p. 43.
Google Scholar
Miterpáková M, Hurníková Z, Antolová D, Dubinský P. Endoparasites of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Slovak Republic with the emphasis on zoonotic species Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella spp. Helminthologia. 2009;46(2):73–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Gesy K, Pawlik M, Kapronczai L, Wagner B, Elkin B, Schwantje H, Jenkins E. An improved method for the extraction and quantification of adult Echinococcus from wildlife definitive hosts. Parasitol Res. 2013;112:2075–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rausch RL. Family Taeniidae. In: Khalil LF, Jones A, Bray RA, editors. Keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates. Wallingford: CAB International; 1994. p. 665–72.
Google Scholar
Trachsel D, Deplazes P, Mathis A. Identification of taeniid eggs in the faeces from carnivores based on multiplex PCR using targets in mitochondrial DNA. Parasitology. 2007;134(6):911–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Casulli A, Interisano M, Sreter T, Chitimia L, Kirkova Z, La Rosa G, Pozio E. Genetic variability of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Europe inferred by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12(2):377–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP. Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992;54(2):165–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Window, Version 20.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2011.
Google Scholar
Poļakova A. Fox (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) helminth fauna in Latvia. MSc degree thesis (in Latvian). Jelgava: Latvia University of Agriculture; 2009. p. 81.
Google Scholar
Sarkūnas M, Bružinskaitė R, Marcinkutė A, Strupas K, Sokolovas V, Mathis A, Deplazes P. Emerging alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in humans and high prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes and raccoon dogs in Lithuania. Acta Vet Scan. 2010;52 Suppl 1:S11.
Article
Google Scholar
Bružinskaitė-Schmidhalter R, Šarkūnas M, Malakauskas A, Mathis A, Torgerson P, Deplazes P. Helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Lithuania. Parasitology. 2012;139:120–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bagrade G. Helminth fauna of wild felids and canids in Latvia. PhD thesis (in Latvian with summary in English). Riga: University of Latvia; 2008. p. 128.
Google Scholar
Machnicka-Rowińska B, Rocki B, Dziemian E. Kołodziej-Sobocińska M Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) - the new host of Echinococcus multilocularis in Poland. Wiad Parazytol. 2002;48(1):65–8.
Schwarz S, Sutor A, Staubach C, Mattis R, Tackmann K, Conraths FJ. Estimated prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides in northern Brandenburg, Germany. Curr Zool. 2011;57:655–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Laurimaa L, Süld K, Moks E, Valdmann H, Umhang G, Knapp J, Saarma U. First report of the zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis in raccoon dogs in Estonia, and comparisons with other countries in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2015;212:200–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thomson RCA, Kapel CMO, Hobbs RP, Deplazes P. Comparative development of Echinococcus multilocularis in its definitive hosts. Parasitology. 2006;132(Pt 5):709–16.
Google Scholar
Al-Sabi MNS, Chriel M, Jensen TH, Enemark HL. Endoparasites of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Denmark 2009–2012 - A comparative study. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2013;2:144–51.
Süld K, Valdman H, Laurimaa L, Soe E, Davison J, Saarma U. An invasive vector of zoonotic disease sustained by anthropogenic resources: the raccoon dog in northern Europe. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96358.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hegglin D, Bontadina F, Deplazes P. Human-wildlife interactions and zoonotic transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol. 2015;31(5):167–73.
EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare). Scientific opinion on Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals. EFSA J. 2015;13(12):4373. 129 pp.
Article
Google Scholar
Casulli A, Possenti A, La Torre G, Boue F, Busani L, Colamensta V, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals (GP/EFSA/AHAW/2012/01). EFSA supporting publication. EN-882. 2015. p. 168.
Otero-Abad B, Torgerson PR. A systematic review of the epidemiology of echinococcosis in domestic and wild animals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(6):e2249.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Raoul F, Michelat D, Ordinaire M, Décoté Y, Aubert M, Delattre P, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis: secondary poisoning of fox population during a vole outbreak reduces environmental contamination in a high endemicity area. Int J Parasitol. 2003;33:945–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Sroka J, Cencek T, Różycki M, Chmurzyńska E, Bilska-Zając E. The prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in Poland - current results (2009–2013). Parasitol Res. 2014;113:317–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hofer S, Gloor S, Muller U, Mathis A, Hegglin D, Deplazes P. High prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in urban red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and voles (Arvicola terrestris) in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. Parasitology. 2000;120:135–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fischer C, Reperant LA, Weber JM, Hegglin D, Deplazes P. Echinococcus multlocularis infections of rural, residential and urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. Parasite. 2005;12:339–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laiviņš M, Melecis V. Bio-geographical interpretation of climate data in Latvia: multidimensional analysis. Acta Uni Lat. 2003;654:7–22.
Google Scholar
Miterpáková M, Dubinský P, Reiterová K, Stanko M. Climate and environmental factors influencing Echinococcus multilocularis occurrence in the Slovak Republic. Ann Agr Environ Med. 2006;13:235–42.
Google Scholar
Miterpáková M, Dubinský P. Fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) in Slovakia – summarizing the long-term monitoring. Helminthologia. 2011;48(3):155–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Antolova D, Miterpakova M, Radoňak J, Hudačkova D, Szilagyiova M, Zače M. Alveolar echinococcosis in a highly endemic area of northern Slovakia between 2000 and 2013. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(34):20882.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tolnai Z, Széll Z, Sréter T. Environmental determinants of the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in Hungary. Vet Parasitol. 2013;198:292–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bagrade G, Kirjušina M, Vismanis K, Ozoliņš J. Helminth parasites of the wolf Canis lupus from Latvia. J Helminthol. 2009;83:63–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar