Table 1 Prevalence (Prev) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the tested pathogens and their respective genospecies in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Wester Ross (Northwest Scotland) and from other regions of Scotland, England, Wales, and the Netherlands. Presence (+) or absence (−) of each genospecies is indicated if detected in at least one study in each region. Wester Ross (Northwest Scotland) – new data; Other regions of Scotland – combination of published and new data; England and Wales – published data; the Netherlands – published data
Pathogen | Wester Ross (Northwest Scotland) | Other regions of Scotland | England and Wales | The Netherlands | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prev | 95% CI | Prev | 95% CI | References | Prev | 95% CI | References | Prev | 95% CI | References | |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum | 4.7 | 3.9–5.5 | 0.7 | 0.0–1.6 | Gilbert and Rocchi (unpubl.) (Grampian and Inverness-shire)a | 2.3 0.68 | 1.4–3.5 | Hansford et al.2015 [36] (South England) Bown et al. 2008 [41] (Kielder) | 5.5 | 5–6 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 [28] |
Ecotype I | +  |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | +  |  |  |
Ecotype II | +  |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | +  |  |  |
Ecotype IV | − |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | +  |  |  |
Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. | 2.2 | 1.7–2.8 | 5.6 | NA | James et al.2013 [35] (mainly Grampian and Inverness-shire) | 3.9 3.3 | 2.7–5.5 NA | Hansford et al.2015 [36] (South England) Bettridge et al.2013 [38] | 13.3 | 12.6–14.1 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 [28] |
|  |  |  | 5.9 | 2.9–9.0 | Gilbert and Rocchi (unpubl.) (Grampian and Inverness-shire)a | 18.1 | NA | (North England) Hansford et al.2017 [37] (Salisbury) |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | 2.2 | 1.9–2.6 | Gandy 2020 [22] (Grampian) | 3.75 | NA | Hall 2018 [39] (Lake District overall) |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | 1.7 | 1.4–2.2 | Millins et al. 2016 [34] (mainly West and Central) | 3.95 | 3.37–4.59 | Cull et al.2021 [40] (England and Wales) |  |  |  |
B. afzelii | +  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  |
B. garinii | +  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  |
B. burgdorferi s.s. | +  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  |
B. valaisiana | +  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  | +  |  |  |
Babesia clade X | 0.2 | 0.06–0.4 | 0.6 | 0.0–1.9 | Gilbert and Rocchi (unpubl.) (Grampian and Inverness-shire)a | 0 | 0–0.36 | Bown et al.2008 [41] (Kielder) | 0.9 | 0.7–1.1 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 [28] |
Ba. capreoli | − |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | +  |  |  |
Ba. venatorum | +  |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | +  |  |  |
Ba. odocoilei | – |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | +  |  |  |
Ba. divergens | +  |  | NA |  |  | NA |  |  | +  |  |  |
Rickettsia helvetica | 0.04 | 0–0.2 | NA | NA | NA | 3 | 0.95–8.5 | Tijsse-Klasen et al.2011 [42] (all England and Scotland)b | 4.2 | 3.8–4.7 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 [28] |
Spiroplasma ixodetis | 0.4 | 0.2–0.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 22.9 | 22–23.9 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 [28] |
Neoehrlichia mikurensis | 0.0 |  < 0.1 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0–0.4 | Hansford et al.2015 [36] (South England) | 12.2 | 11.5–12.9 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 [28] |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0–3.13 | Jahfari et al.2012 [25] (all England and Scotland) |  |  |  |
Borrelia miyamotoi | 0.0 |  < 0.1 | NA | NA | NA | 0.4 | NA | Hansford et al.2015 [36] (South England) | 3 | 2.6–3.4 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 [28] |
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.6 | NA | Hansford et al.2017 [37] (Salisbury) | Â | Â | Â |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 | 0.08–0.38 | Cull et al.2021[40] (England and Wales) |  |  |  |
Babesia microti | 0.0 |  < 0.1 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | 0–0.36 | Bown et al.2008 [41] (Kielder) | 5.1 | 4.6–5.6 | Krawczyk et al. 2020 (28) |