Pluess B, Tanser FC, Lengeler C, Sharp BL. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(4):CD006657. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006657.pub2.
World Health Organization. Achieving and maintaining universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria control. 2017. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259478.
Google Scholar
Hiscox A, Otieno B, Kibet A, Mweresa CK, Omusula P, Geier M, et al. Development and optimization of the Suna trap as a tool for mosquito monitoring and control. Malar J. 2014;13:257.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Russell TL, Beebe NW, Cooper RD, Lobo NF, Burkot TR. Successful malaria elimination strategies require interventions that target changing vector behaviours. Malar J. 2013;12:56.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Viana M, Hughes A, Matthiopoulos J, Ranson H, Ferguson HM. Delayed mortality effects cut the malaria transmission potential of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:8975–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wondji CS, Coleman M, Kleinschmidt I, Mzilahowa T, Irving H, Ndula M, et al. Impact of pyrethroid resistance on operational malaria control in Malawi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:19063–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sanou A, Nelli L, Guelbéogo WM, Cissé F, Tapsoba M, Ouédraogo P, et al. Insecticide resistance and behavioural adaptation as a response to long-lasting insecticidal net deployment in malaria vectors in the Cascades region of Burkina Faso. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1–14.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hemingway J, Hawkes NJ, McCarroll L, Ranson H. The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;34:653–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Russell TL, Govella NJ, Azizi S, Drakeley CJ, Kachur SP, Killeen GF. Increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural Tanzania. Malar J. 2011;10:80. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-80.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lwetoijera D, Harris C, Kiware SS, Dongus S, Devine GJ, McCall PJ, et al. Increasing role of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in malaria transmission in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Malar J. 2014;13:331.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mendis C, Jacobsen JL, Gamage-Mendis A, Bule E, Dgedge M, Thompson R, et al. Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in Matola coastal suburb of Maputo, southern Mozambique. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14:171–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Monroe A, Mihayo K, Okumu F, Finda M, Moore S, Koenker H, et al. Human behaviour and residual malaria transmission in Zanzibar: findings from in-depth interviews and direct observation of community events. Malar J. 2019;18:220.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Finda MF, Moshi IR, Monroe A, Limwagu AJ, Nyoni AP, Swai JK, et al. Linking human behaviours and malaria vector biting risk in south-eastern Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0217414.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Monroe A, Asamoah O, Lam Y, Koenker H, Psychas P, Lynch M, et al. Outdoor-sleeping and other night-time activities in northern Ghana: implications for residual transmission and malaria prevention. Malar J. 2015;14:35.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Takken W, Verhulst NO. Host preferences of blood-feeding mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol. 2011;58:120928130709004.
Google Scholar
Ngowo HS, Kaindoa EW, Matthiopoulos J, Ferguson HM, Okumu FO. Variations in household microclimate affect outdoor-biting behaviour of malaria vectors. Wellcome Open Res. 2017;2:102.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kreppel KS, Viana M, Main BJ, Johnson PCD, Govella NJ, Lee Y, et al. Emergence of behavioural avoidance strategies of malaria vectors in areas of high LLIN coverage in Tanzania. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1–11.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ogoma SB, Ngonyani H, Simfukwe ET, Mseka A, Moore J, Killeen GF. Spatial repellency of transfluthrin-treated hessian strips against laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in a semi-field tunnel cage. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:1–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Ogoma SB, Ngonyani H, Simfukwe ET, Mseka A, Moore J, Maia MF, et al. The mode of action of spatial repellents and their impact on vectorial capacity of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e110433.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Malaria surveillance, monitoring & evaluation: a reference manual. 2018. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565578.
Google Scholar
Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, Schieffelin C, Billingsley PF, Beier JC. A simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62:535–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tusting LS, Bousema T, Smith DL, Drakeley C. Measuring changes in Plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy and costs of metrics. Adv Parasitol. 2014;84:151-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800099-1.00003-X.
Charlwood JD, Smith T, Billingsley PF, Takken W, Lyimo EOK, Meuwissen JHET. Survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in humans. Bull Entomol Res. 1997;87:445.
Article
Google Scholar
Kaindoa EW, Matowo NS, Ngowo HS, Mkandawile G, Mmbando A, Finda M, et al. Interventions that effectively target Anopheles funestus mosquitoes could significantly improve control of persistent malaria transmission in south-eastern Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0177807.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Maliti DV, Govella NJ, Killeen GF, Mirzai N, Johnson PCD, Kreppel K, et al. Development and evaluation of mosquito-electrocuting traps as alternatives to the human landing catch technique for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. Malar J. 2015;14:502.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Govella NJ, Maliti DF, Mlwale AT, Masallu JP, Mirzai N, Johnson PCD, et al. An improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human-feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch. Malar J. 2016;15:465.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Huho B, Briët O, Seyoum A, Sikaala C, Bayoh N, Gimnig J, et al. Consistently high estimates for the proportion of human exposure to malaria vector populations occurring indoors in rural Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:235–47.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Seyoum A, Sikaala CH, Chanda J, Chinula D, Ntamatungiro AJ, Hawela M, et al. Human exposure to anopheline mosquitoes occurs primarily indoors, even for users of insecticide-treated nets in Luangwa Valley, South-east Zambia. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:101.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Macdonald G. The epidemiology and control of malaria. Epidemiol Control Malar. 1957;7:577–8.
Google Scholar
Bayoh MN, Mathias DK, Odiere MR, Mutuku FM, Kamau L, Gimnig JE, et al. Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western Nyanza Province, Kenya. Malar J. 2010;9:62.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Killeen GF. Characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission. Malar J. 2014;13:330.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ndebele P, Musesengwa R. View point: ethical dilemmas in malaria vector research in Africa: making the difficult choice between mosquito, science and humans. Malawi Med J. 2012;24:65–8.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Service MW. A critical review of procedures for sampling populations of adult mosquitoes. Bull Entomol Res. 1977;67:343–82.
Article
Google Scholar
Knols BGJ, de Jong R, Takken W. Differential attractiveness of isolated humans to mosquitoes in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89:604–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lindsay SW, Adiamah JH, Miller JE, Pleass RJ, Armstrong JR. Variation in attractiveness of human subjects to malaria mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia. J Med Entomol. 1993;30:368–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Achee NL, Youngblood L, Bangs MJ, Lavery JV, James S. Considerations for the use of human participants in vector biology research: a tool for investigators and regulators. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2015;15:89–102.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mboera L. Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malaria vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rate. Tanzan J Health Res. 2006;7:117–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Meza FC, Kreppel KS, Maliti DF, Mlwale AT, Mirzai N, Killeen GF, et al. Mosquito electrocuting traps for directly measuring biting rates and host-preferences of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus outdoors. Malar J. 2019;18:1–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Okumu F, Biswaro L, Mbeleyela E, Killeen GF, Mukabana R, Moore SJ. Using nylon strips to dispense mosquito attractants for sampling the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. J Med Entomol. 2010;47:274–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abong’O B, Yu X, Donnelly MJ, Geier M, Gibson G, Gimnig J, et al. Host Decoy Trap (HDT) with cattle odour is highly effective for collection of exophagic malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:533.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Limwagu AJ, Kaindoa EW, Ngowo HS, Hape E, Finda M, Mkandawile G, et al. Using a miniaturized double-net trap (DN-Mini) to assess relationships between indoor–outdoor biting preferences and physiological ages of two malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus. Malar J. 2019;18:282.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Govella NJ, Maliti DF, Mlwale AT, Masallu JP, Mirzai N, Johnson PCD, et al. An improved mosquito electrocuting trap that safely reproduces epidemiologically relevant metrics of mosquito human—feeding behaviours as determined by human landing catch. Malar J. 2016;15:1–17.
Article
Google Scholar
Briët OJT, Huho BJ, Gimnig JE, Bayoh N, Seyoum A, Sikaala CH, et al. Applications and limitations of centers for disease control and prevention miniature light traps for measuring biting densities of African malaria vector populations: a pooled-analysis of 13 comparisons with human landing catches. Malar J. 2015;14:247.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kreppel KS, Johnson PCD, Govella NJ, Pombi M, Maliti D, Ferguson HM. Comparative evaluation of the Sticky-Resting-Box-Trap, the standardised resting-bucket-trap and indoor aspiration for sampling malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:462.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sanou A, Guelbéogo WM, Nelli L, Toé KH, Zongo S, Ouédraogo P, et al. Evaluation of mosquito electrocuting traps as a safe alternative to the human landing catch for measuring human exposure to malaria vectors in Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2019;18:1–17.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Matowo NS, Moore J, Mapua S, Madumla EP, Moshi IR, Kaindoa EW, et al. Using a new odour-baited device to explore options for luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors: a report on design and field evaluation of the Mosquito Landing Box. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:137.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mwanga EP, Ngowo HS, Mapua SA, Mmbando AS, Kaindoa EW, Kifungo K, et al. Evaluation of an ultraviolet LED trap for catching Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in south-eastern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:1–12.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Geissbuhler Y, Kannady K, Okumu F, Charlwood JD, et al. A new tent trap for sampling exophagic and endophagic members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Malar J. 2009;8:157.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hawkes FM, Dabiré RK, Sawadogo SP, Torr SJ, Gibson G. Exploiting Anopheles responses to thermal, odour and visual stimuli to improve surveillance and control of malaria. Sci Rep. 2017;7:17283.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Mpangile JM, Killeen GF. Monitoring mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam: evaluation of resting boxes, window exit traps, CDC light traps, Ifakara tent traps and human landing catches. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:40.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mathenge EM, Omweri GO, Irungu LW, Ndegwa PN, Walczak E, Smith TA, et al. Comparative field evaluation of the Mbita trap, the centers for disease control light trap, and the human landing catch for sampling of malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:33–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaindoa EW, Mkandawile G, Ligamba G, Kelly-Hope LA, Okumu FO. Correlations between household occupancy and malaria vector biting risk in rural Tanzanian villages: implications for high-resolution spatial targeting of control interventions. Malar J. 2016;15:199.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sumaye RD, Abatih EN, Thiry E, Amuri M, Berkvens D, Geubbels E. Inter-epidemic acquisition of Rift Valley fever virus in humans in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003536.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Sumaye RD, Geubbels E, Mbeyela E, Berkvens D. Inter-epidemic transmission of Rift Valley fever in livestock in the Kilombero River Valley, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2356.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Qiu YT, Smallegange RC, ter Braak CJF, Spitzen J, Van Loon JJA, Jawara M, et al. Attractiveness of MM-X traps baited with human or synthetic odor to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in The Gambia. J Med Entomol. 2007;44:970–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Batista EPA, Ngowo HS, Opiyo M, Shubis GK, Meza FC, Okumu FO, et al. Semi-field assessment of the BG-malaria trap for monitoring the African malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:1–17.
Article
Google Scholar
Mwangungulu SP, Sumaye RD, Limwagu AJ, Siria DJ, Kaindoa EW, Okumu FO. Crowdsourcing vector surveillance: using community knowledge and experiences to predict densities and distribution of outdoor-biting mosquitoes in rural Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0156388.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Okumu FO, Killeen GF, Ogoma S, Biswaro L, Smallegange RC, Mbeyela E, et al. Development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e8951.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Okumu FO, Govella NJ, Moore SJ, Chitnis N, Killeen GF. Potential benefits, limitations and target product-profiles of odor-baited mosquito traps for malaria control in Africa. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e11573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011573.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;49:520–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Greene W. Functional forms for the negative binomial model for count data. Econ Lett. 2008;99:585–90.
Article
Google Scholar
R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021.
Plummer M. JAGS: a program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models using Gibbs sampling JAGS: just another Gibbs sampler. 2003.
Denwood MJ. runjags: An R package providing interface utilities, model templates, parallel computing methods and additional distributions for MCMC models in JAGS. J Stat Softw. 2016.
Chang W, Cheng J, Allaire JJ, et al. shiny: web application framework for R. R package version 1.3.2. 2019.
Gimnig JE, Walker ED, Otieno P, Kosgei J, Olang G, Ombok M, et al. Incidence of malaria among mosquito collectors conducting human landing catches in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88:301–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wotodjo AN, Trape JF, Richard V, Doucouré S, Diagne N, Tall A, et al. No difference in the incidence of malaria in human-landing mosquito catch collectors and non-collectors in a Senegalese village with endemic malaria. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0126187.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Tangena J-AA, Thammavong P, Hiscox A, Lindsay SW, Brey PT. The human-baited double net trap: an alternative to human landing catches for collecting outdoor biting mosquitoes in Lao PDR. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0138735.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Odetoyinbo JA. Preliminary investigation on the use of a light-trap for sampling malaria vectors in the Gambia. Bull World Health Organ. 1969;40:547–60.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Davis JR, Hall T, Chee E, Majala A, Minjas J, Shiff CJ. Comparison of sampling anopheline mosquitoes by light-trap and human-bait collections indoors at Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol. 1995;9:249–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar