Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parasitology. 2004;129:S3–S14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kilpatrick AM, Randolph SE. Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet. 2012;380(9857):1946–55.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sonenshine DE. Biology of ticks. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991.
Google Scholar
Randolph SE. Tick ecology: processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors. Parasitology. 2004;129:S37–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gray JS. The ecology of ticks transmitting Lyme borreliosis. Exp Appl Acarol. 1998;22(5):249–58.
Article
Google Scholar
Xu G, Fang QQ, Keirans JE, Durden LA. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Ixodes ricinus complex is a paraphyletic group. J Parasitol. 2003;89(3):452–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mejlon HA, Jaenson TGT. Questing behaviour of Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol. 1997;21(12):747–54.
Article
Google Scholar
Hofmeester TR, Coipan EC, van Wieren SE, Prins HHT, Takken W, Sprong H. Few vertebrate species dominate the Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. life cycle. Env Res Letters. 2016;11(4):043001.
Gilbert L, Maffey GL, Ramsay SL, Hester AJ. The effect of deer management on the abundance of Ixodes ricinus in Scotland. Ecol Appl. 2012;22(2):658–67.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rand PW, Lubelczyk C, Lavigne GR, Elias S, Holman MS, Lacombe EH, Smith RP. Deer density and the abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 2003;40(2):179–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rand PW, Lubelczyk C, Holman MS, Lacombe EH, Smith RP. Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) after the complete removal of deer from an isolated offshore island, endemic for Lyme disease. J Med Entomol. 2004;41(4):779–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kugeler KJ, Jordan RA, Schulze TL, Griffith KS, Mead PS. Will culling white-tailed deer prevent Lyme disease? Zoonoses Public Hlth. 2016;63(3):337–45.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Perkins SE, Cattadori IM, Tagliapietra V, Rizzoli AP, Hudson PJ. Localized deer absence leads to tick amplification. Ecology. 2006;87(8):1981–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dobson ADM, Randolph SE. Modelling the effects of recent changes in climate, host density and acaricide treatments on population dynamics of Ixodes ricinus in the UK. J Appl Ecol. 2011;48(4):1029–37.
Article
Google Scholar
Li S, Vanwambeke SO, Licoppe AM, Speybroeck N. Impacts of deer management practices on the spatial dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus: a scenario analysis. Ecol Model. 2014;276:1–13.
Article
Google Scholar
Van Buskirk J, Ostfeld RS. Controlling Lyme disease by modifying the density and species composition of tick hosts. Ecol Appl. 1995;5(4):1133–40.
Article
Google Scholar
Sprong H, Hofhuis A, Gassner F, Takken W, Jacobs F, van Vliet AJ, et al. Circumstantial evidence for an increase in the total number and activity of Borrelia-infected Ixodes ricinus in the Netherlands. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:294.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Broekhuizen S, Spoelstra K, Thissen JBM, Canters KJ, Buys JC. Atlas van de Nederlandse Zoogdieren. KNNV Uitgeverij: Zeist; 2016.
Google Scholar
Green RH. Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons; 1979.
Google Scholar
Hofmeester TR, Jansen PA, Rowcliffe JM. Quantifying the availability of vertebrate hosts to ticks: a camera-trapping approach. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:115.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Takken W, van Vliet AJH, Verhulst NO, Jacobs FHH, Gassner F, Hartemink N, et al. Acarological risk of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infections across space and time in the Netherlands. Vector-Borne Zoonot. 2017;17(2):99–107.
Article
Google Scholar
Hofmeester TR, Rowcliffe JM, Jansen PA. A simple method for estimating the effective detection distance of camera traps. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv. 2017;3(2):81–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Tack W, Madder M, De Frenne P, Vanhellemont M, Gruwez R, Verheyen K. The effects of sampling method and vegetation type on the estimated abundance of Ixodes ricinus ticks in forests. Exp Appl Acarol. 2011;54(3):285–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hillyard PD. Ticks of North-West Europe. London: Backhuys Publishers; 1996.
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL http://www.R-project.org/; 2015.
Fournier DA, Skaug HJ, Ancheta J, Ianelli J, Magnusson A, Maunder MN, et al. AD model builder: using automatic differentiation for statistical inference of highly parameterized complex nonlinear models. Optim Method Softw. 2012;27(2):233–49.
Article
Google Scholar
Skaug H, Fournier D, Bolker B, Magnusson A, Nielsen A. Generalized Linear Mixed Models using AD Model Builder. vol. R package version 0.8.1. 2015. http://glmmadmb.r-forge.r-project.org/.
Gelman A. Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations. Stat Med. 2008;27(15):2865–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilson ML, Telford SR, Piesman J, Spielman A. Reduced abundance of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) following elimination of deer. J Med Entomol. 1988;25(4):224–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Estrada-Pena A. The relationships between habitat topology, critical scales of connectivity and tick abundance Ixodes ricinus in a heterogeneous landscape in northern Spain. Ecography. 2003;26(5):661–71.
Article
Google Scholar
Dobson A. History and complexity in tick-host dynamics: discrepancies between 'real' and 'visible' tick populations. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7(1):231.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ostfeld RS, Canham CD, Oggenfuss K, Winchcombe RJ, Keesing F. Climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in Lyme-disease risk. PLoS Biol. 2006;4(6):1058–68.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Tagliapietra V, Rosa R, Arnoldi D, Cagnacci F, Capelli G, Montarsi F, et al. Saturation deficit and deer density affect questing activity and local abundance of Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) in Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2011;183(1–2):114–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tufto J, Andersen R, Linnell J. Habitat use and ecological correlates of home range size in a small cervid: the roe deer. J Anim Ecol. 1996;65(6):715–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Gilbert L. Altitudinal patterns of tick and host abundance: a potential role for climate change in regulating tick-borne diseases? Oecologia. 2010;162(1):217–25.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruiz-Fons F, Gilbert L. The role of deer as vehicles to move ticks, Ixodes ricinus, between contrasting habitats. Int J Parasitol. 2010;40(9):1013–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
James MC, Bowman AS, Forbes KJ, Lewis F, McLeod JE, Gilbert L. Environmental determinants of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Parasitology. 2013;140(02):237–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kohn MH, Wayne RK. Facts from feces revisited. Trends Ecol Evol. 1997;12(6):223–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gilbert L, Jones LD, Hudson PJ, Gould EA, Reid HW. Role of small mammals in the persistence of Louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14(3):277–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hofmeester TR. The Wild Life of Tick-borne Pathogens. PhD thesis, Wageningen University. 2016. doi:10.18174/393112.