Skip to main content
Download PDF

Identification of the Bcl-2 and Bax homologs from Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and their function in the degeneration of tick salivary glands

Parasites & Vectors volume 14, Article number: 386 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The salivary glands of female ticks degenerate rapidly by apoptosis and autophagy after feeding. Bcl-2 family proteins play an important role in the apoptosis pathways, but the functions of these proteins in ticks are unclear. We studied Bcl-2 and Bax homologs from Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and determined their functions in the degeneration of the salivary glands.

Methods

Two molecules containing conserved BH (Bcl-2 family homology) domains were identified and named RhBcl-2 and RhBax. After protein purification and mouse immunization, specific polyclonal antibodies (PcAb) were created in response to the recombinant proteins. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot were used to detect the presence of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in ticks. TUNEL assays were used to determine the level of apoptosis in the salivary glands of female ticks at different feeding times after gene silencing. Co-transfection and GST pull-down assays were used to identify interactions between RhBcl-2 and RhBax.

Results

The RT-qPCR assay revealed that RhBax gene transcription increased significantly during feeding at all tick developmental stages (engorged larvae, nymphs, and adult females). Transcriptional levels of RhBcl-2 and RhBax increased more significantly in the female salivary glands than in other tissues post engorgement. RhBcl-2 silencing significantly inhibited tick feeding. In contrast, RhBax interference had no effect on tick feeding. TUNEL staining showed that apoptosis levels were significantly reduced after interference with RhBcl-2 expression. Co-transfection and GST pull-down assays showed that RhBcl-2 and RhBax could interact but not combine in the absence of the BH3 domain.

Conclusions

This study identified the roles of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in tick salivary gland degeneration and finds that the BH3 domain is a key factor in their interactions.

Graphical Abstract

Background

Ticks are obligate blood-feeding arthropods and vectors of many pathogens [1]. They usually stay attached to their hosts and feed for several days or even weeks [2]. The salivary glands of ticks mediate diverse functions that ensure tick survival [3]. Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are transmitted to the host by the saliva used during tick feeding [4].

The salivary glands of female ticks degenerate rapidly within 4 days after engorgement [5]. Salivary gland degeneration begins at the early stage of rapid feeding and may be caused by apoptosis and autophagy related to the increase of ecdysone in the hemolymph [6, 7]. During degeneration, the granular acini undergo DNA fragmentation and caspase enzyme activity increases [8, 9]. According to the comprehensive analysis of the global protein changes, some proteins associated with apoptosis and autophagy changed and some proteins linked to the degradation of DNA and proteins were consistently upregulated [10]. However, the mechanism of these effects is unknown.

Apoptosis is an important part of programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis is programmed to transmit death induction signals and carry out the biochemical processes of cell decomposition by a group of specific interacting proteins [11]. For embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and organism stability in multicellular organisms, apoptosis is indispensable and is a normal physiological process [12]. During apoptosis, a decrease in cell volume, cytoplasmic condensation, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation followed by nuclear fragmentation and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing take place, which leads to complete cell division. In the late stage of apoptosis, apoptotic bodies are produced due to cell fragmentation [13].

Apoptosis is caused by sequential activation of cysteine proteases of the caspase family in two distinct but convergent pathways [14]. The extrinsic pathway, also known as the death receptor pathway, activates caspase-8 when the “death receptor” Fas binds to its ligand FasL, and then recruits Fas-associated death domain (FADD) proteins and caspase-8 enzymes in the cytoplasm to form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) [15]. The intrinsic pathway (also termed the mitochondrial pathway) can be triggered by the proapoptotic proteins of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family. These cause mitochondrial membrane permeabilization to release mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, further activating caspases to induce apoptosis [16]. These initiator caspases can cleave and activate the effector caspases (caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-7) that mediate cellular demolition by cleaving multiple critical cellular proteins [17].

The Bcl-2 protein family is involved in apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. Bcl-2 was first discovered via a chromosome translocation that is the hallmark of human follicular lymphoma, and it was subsequently found to promote cell survival as an antiapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 protein family [18]. Its homologs Bcl-X, Bcl-w, Mcl-1, and A1 were also found to inhibit apoptosis, but Bax, Bak, and Bok promoted apoptosis. The Bcl-2 homology (BH) domain is a vital functional domain for the interaction of the Bcl-2 family proteins. The BH3 domain was found to be a key domain for Bax, Bak, and Bok to promote apoptosis [19]. Bim, Bid, Bad, Puma, and Noxa only had the BH3 domain, so they were termed BH3-only proteins.

The Bcl-2 family proteins regulate apoptosis mainly by regulating mitochondrial membrane permeability, either alone or in collaboration with other proteins. For example, Bax forms oligomers on the mitochondrial membrane that perturb membrane integrity and promote apoptosis, while Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibit their effects by binding to Bax to form heterodimers [20, 21]. BH3-only protein can play a direct or indirect proapoptotic role. It can directly bind and activate Bax and Bak proteins to promote apoptosis, and it can also indirectly promote Bax and Bak protein expression to cause apoptosis by inhibiting the action of the anti-proteins [22, 23].

Bcl-2 family proteins exist in both mammalian and non-mammalian species. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has two members of the Bcl-2 family, EGL-1 and CED-9, that regulate cell death [24]. Two Bcl-2 family proteins (Debcl and Buffy) have high homology with Bok found in Drosophila [6]. Using RNA interference, Ayllon [25] injected Bcl-2 dsRNA into Ixodes scapularis and showed feeding disruption. This indicated that Bcl-2 plays an important role in the intrinsic apoptosis of ticks. However, the mechanism by which Bcl-2 family proteins regulate apoptosis in ticks is unknown. In this study, we identified Bcl-2 and Bax from Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and investigated their functions in the degeneration of tick salivary glands at different feeding times.

Methods

Tick feeding and tissue collection

Adult R. haemaphysaloides were collected from water baffles in May 2001 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The ticks were fed on the ears of New Zealand white rabbits (SLAC, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, CAS), and maintained in artificial climate incubators of the Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute [26]. Tick tissues were rapidly dissected, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, PH 7.4, with 0.14 M NaCl and 0.0027 M KCl, 0.01 M phosphate buffer; Gibco, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and placed in PBS or TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) reagent at −80 °C.

RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis

RNA was derived from ticks dissected at different development stages (eggs, unfed and fed larvae, nymphs, and adults) and different tissues (salivary glands, midguts, and ovaries of female ticks), and preserved in TRIzol reagent. The HiScript® III RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) kit (Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) was used, according to manufacturer protocol.

Cloning, sequence analysis

RhBcl-2 and RhBax primers were designed based on a comparison of the salivary gland transcriptomes of starved and engorged R. haemaphysaloides [27, 28]. A BLAST analysis of the translation products deduced from the open reading frames (ORFs) was performed. SignalP 4.1 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/) [29] and ExPASy (http://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/) [30] were used for the signal peptide analysis and isoelectric point (pI) prediction. We aligned RhBcl-2 and RhBax with the Bcl-2 and Bax protein sequences of other species using Genetyx v.6 (GENETYX, Tokyo, Japan). For phylogenetic analysis, the alignment of the sequences was performed using the MUSCLE algorithm [31] and inferred using the maximum likelihood method with the default settings in MEGA X software [32]. Bootstrap support values were estimated using 500 bootstrap replicates [28].

RT-qPCR analyses

The expression levels of RhBcl-2 and RhBax were examined in different development stages (eggs, unfed and fed larvae, nymphs, and adults) and different tissues (salivary glands, midguts, and ovaries of female ticks) during the feeding time. The feeding time includes the early-feeding period (fed 3 days), the fast-feeding period (fed 5 to 7 days), and the end of the feeding period (engorged 1 to 3 days) [28]. After RhBcl-2 and RhBax primers (Additional file 1: Table S1) designed using Primer Premier 5, the cDNAs of the above stages and tissues were analyzed by RT-qPCRs, which were conducted using ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (Vazyme) green and gene-specific (Additional file 1: Table S1) primers with a QuantStudio 5 PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Austin, TX, USA). The RT-qPCR process consisted of 95 °C for 30 s, then 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s and 60 °C for 30 s, followed by analysis of the melting curve. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The data used elongation factor-1 (ELF1A, GenBank Accession number AB836665) as an internal control [31], and this was used to analyze the relative gene expression in each sample by the 2−△Ct method [32, 33].

Expression of recombinant RhBcl-2 and RhBax

Specific RhBcl-2 and RhBax primers (Additional file 1: Table S2) were designed in a pET-30a or PGEX-4T-1 vector. The RhBcl-2 and RhBax amplified PCR products were purified and digested with BamHI, EcoRI, or XhoI (New England Biolabs, USA) and ligated into pET-28a or PGEX-4T-1 (Invitrogen) using the In-Fusion HD Cloning Kit (Takara Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA) [28]. These recombinants were transformed and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain (TIANGEN, Beijing, China). The strains were grown at 37 °C until the OD600 reached 0.8. After isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to 1 mM, the protein expression was induced at 25 °C for 20 h. The recombinant, containing His-tagged protein, was purified by affinity chromatography using Ni–NTA His resin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The recombinant containing the glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tagged protein was purified by affinity chromatography using resin and gravity.

GST pull-down of RhBcl-2 and RhBax

To confirm whether RhBcl-2 interacts with RhBax, 1 mM IPTG induced expression for 8 h of pET-30a-RhBax, PGEX-4T-RhBcl-2, and PGEX-4T-1 recombinant E. coli BL21. The supernatant was separated using GST agarose (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Anti-GST antibody (Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA) and goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (Proteintech) were used to confirm that GST/GST-RhBcl-2 was successfully separated, and anti-His antibody (Proteintech) was used to detect the His-RhBax protein.

Cells and transient co-transfection assays

HEK 293T cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco), supplemented with 8% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Biological Industries, Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel) and 1% penicillin (Gibco) at 37 °C [28].

The full-length ORF of RhBcl-2 was inserted into the p3×Flag-CMV-14 vector (MiaoLing Plasmid Sharing Platform, Wuhan, China) with FLAG-tag at the N-terminal with gene-specific primers (Additional file 1: Table S2). RhBax was inserted into the pCMV-HA vector using the same method. The fragment of RhBax deleted BH3 domain (RhBax-ΔBH3) and BH1 domain (RhBax-ΔBH1) was amplified by splicing by overlap extension (SOE) of recombinant PCR with specific primers (Additional file 1: Table S3), and they were inserted into the pCMV-HA vector [34]. Transfection using Lipofectamine™ 3000 Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen) was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol with a DNA-to-lipofectamine ratio of 1: 2 w/v. The HEK 293T cells were transformed with 2.5 μg/well of plasmid or co-transfected with the equivalent amount of two different plasmids in six-well plates [28]. After 24 h, cells were washed twice with cold PBS. They were then lysed in a modified RIPA buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), after which they were then placed on ice for 10 min on a swirling plate to ensure uniform spreading. The samples were then centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min to pellet the cell debris.

Antibody generation

We predicted the epitopes of RhBcl-2 and RhBax online (http://www.iedb.org/), and synthesized keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) [35]-coupled polypeptides based on the epitope amino acid sequences (RhBcl-2: GLQWNTCPPLPRPSK, RhBax: STPTHEETREE). Polypeptides were dissolved in PBS and Freund’s adjuvant (complete and incomplete; Invitrogen). Equal volumes of these solutions were then emulsified together and intraperitoneally injected into 6- to 8-week-old BALC/c mice provided by the Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center (Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China). The mixtures were injected three times at 2-week intervals. Serum was collected from the posterior orbital vein on the seventh day after the third immunization. RhBcl-2 and RhBax anti-sera were used to detect RhBcl-2 and RhBax in protein extracts.

Western blotting

The collected ticks and tick tissues were extracted using Tris-buffered saline (TBS; 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl with 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride) in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). These samples were then placed on ice and broken by sonication. A Bradford Protein Assay Kit (TIANGEN) was used to determine the protein concentration. Proteins were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE, 12%, Genescript, Nanjing, China) and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. After blocking in TBS containing 5% skim milk, the proteins were incubated at 4 °C overnight with primary antibodies (FLAG Tag D6W5B, Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA; HA-Tag C29F4, Cell Signaling Technology Inc.; GST Tag, 66001-2-Ig, Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA; His Tag, 66005-1-Ig, Proteintech). Anti RhBcl-2 and RhBax sera were used to detect RhBcl-2 and RhBax in protein extracts, and anti-tubulin (66031-1-Ig, Proteintech) primary antibody was used as a constitutive control to normalize the signal from the target protein. The membranes were rinsed five times in Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20 (TBST) and incubated with a secondary antibody IgG(H+L) conjugated with HRP (goat anti-mouse, 31430, 1:5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific; goat anti-rabbit, 31460, 1:5000, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 1 h at room temperature. The membranes were rinsed five times with TBST. The signal was detected with an Enhanced Chemiluminescent Substrate Reagent Kit (NCM Biotech, Suzhou, China). Images were captured using the ChemiDoc Touch imaging system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) [28].

RNAi of RhBcl-2 or RhBax

The RNAi experiments were designed against RhBcl-2 and RhBax genes. For the design of RNAi primers, RhBcl-2 and RhBax sequences were screened by Primer Premier 5. Specific primers (Additional file 1: Table S4) containing the T7 polymerase promoter sequence were used for PCR amplification. The amplicons were then purified to obtain templates for double-stranded RNA synthesis using the T7 RiboMAX Express RNAi system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The unrelated gene Luciferase dsRNA was synthesized using the same methods described previously and used as the negative control. Unfed female ticks (n = 20 females per group) were microinjected with approximately 1 μg of dsRNA. Control ticks were injected with unrelated Luciferase dsRNA. After dsRNA injection, ticks were held in a humidity chamber for 1 day, after which they were allowed to feed on rabbit ears until they were fully engorged. Each group (control and RhBcl-2 or RhBax) of ticks was allowed to feed on three rabbits (20 ticks on each rabbit). The biological parameters analyzed were: attachment rate at 24 h (counting the number of dead females attached to rabbit ears on the next day); number of engorged ticks (counting the number of females dropped off rabbit ears on the seventh day); death rate (counting the number of dead females on the seventh day); egg laying rate (counting how many females had the ability to lay eggs on the 15th day), and hatchability rate (counting how many egg larvae hatched on the 13th day). RT-qPCR was used to evaluate gene silencing efficiency.

Interference with the salivary glands was performed using dsRNA in vitro. The salivary glands of female ticks fed on rabbit for 5 days were dissected and placed into complete L15 medium with 1% penicillin–streptomycin [36]. Each well received 5 μg of dsRNA and was incubated at 27 °C with no CO2 for 48 h. The control group received unrelated Luciferase dsRNA. Each treatment group included the salivary glands from 10 ticks. After incubation, the dissected salivary glands in each group were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for TUNEL staining or fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde at 4 °C for at least 24 h. The remaining salivary glands were used for western blot and RNA.

The data were obtained from three independent experiments with three biological replicates, and were used to analyze the relative gene expression in each sample by the 2−ΔCt method.

TUNEL staining

Salivary glands were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Sections (5 μm) of salivary glands were mounted on microscope slides. Sections were then deparaffinized, washed in 100% ethanol, and rehydrated. Samples were washed with PBS. After antigen retrieval with 0.1% Triton X-100, the sections were incubated for 1 h with 1:9 TdT mixed with fluorescent-labeled dUTP at 37 °C, following the instructions of the Roche In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit, POD (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). After washing 2–3 times with PBS, the sections were stained with 1 μg/ml 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen) in distilled water for 20 min [28]. After washing, the sections were mounted using Lab Vision™ PermaFluor™ (Invitrogen) medium under glass coverslips, then viewed and photographed in a Pannoramic DESK Digital Slide Scanner (3D HISTECH, Budapest, Hungary) [28]. The TUNEL mean fluorescence intensity was measured using Image-Pro Plus software (IPP, Maryland, USA).

Data analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Mean ± standard error (SEM) values were calculated for three separate experiments, and two-tailed Student’s t tests were used to identify significant differences between groups. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Sequence analysis of RhBcl-2 and RhBax

We used nucleic acid sequences obtained from RNAseq. Specific cloning primers were designed according to the predicted sequences of R. haemaphysaloides Bcl-2 and Bax (Additional file 1: Table S2). The ORF regions of Bcl-2 and Bax genes were cloned from the cDNA of fully engorged R. haemaphysaloides female salivary glands and named RhBcl-2 and RhBax. RhBcl-2 ORF has 576 bp and encodes a protein of 192 amino acid residues with a deduced molecular weight (MW) and theoretical isoelectric point (PI) of 21.4 kDa and 4.87, respectively. RhBax ORF has 648 bp and encodes a protein with 216 amino acid residues. It has a deduced MW of 24.6 kDa and a PI of 5.28. RhBcl-2 had the conserved BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4 domains, but RhBax had the conserved BH1 and BH3 domains (Fig. 1a).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Sequence and structure analysis of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides RhBcl-2 and RhBax. a Domain structure of RhBcl-2 and RhBax. b Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of RhBcl-2 (MZ517147) and RhBax (MZ517147); Homo sapiens Bcl-2: NP_000648.2; Mus musculus Bcl-2: NP_803129.2; Homo sapiens Bax: NP_001278357.1; Mus musculus Bax: NP_031553.1; c Phylogenetic tree of RhBax with the Bax of other species. d Phylogenetic tree of RhBcl-2 with the Bcl-2 of other species. Bootstrap values after 500 simulations are shown at the branches. RhBcl-2 and RhBax are marked with black triangle

Full size image

The protein alignment and phylogenetic analyses showed the relationship between RhBcl-2 or RhBax and Bcl-2 or Bax of other species (Fig. 1b–d). RhBcl-2 and RhBax are highly homologous to their homologs in other ticks. Moreover, their similarity with mammals (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus and Bos taurus) are higher than with insects (Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori and Aedes aegypti).

Transcription and translation of RhBcl-2 and RhBax profiles in different tissues, feeding periods and development stages

The cDNA of eggs, larvae (unfed and engorged), and nymphs (unfed and engorged) were subjected to RT-qPCR to evaluate the expression profiles of RhBcl-2 and RhBax genes (Fig. 2a). The cDNA of unfed adults (females and males), fed adults (females and males), and engorged female ticks were used to determine the sex-specific profile of RhBcl-2 and RhBax genes (Fig. 2b). The transcription level of RhBax increased during feeding in females.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Transcription analysis of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, according to developmental stage and sex. a RT-qPCR analysis of RhBcl-2 and RhBax gene expression during different developmental stages. b RT-qPCR analysis of RhBcl-2 and RhBax gene expression according to sex. (F: fed, E: engorged)

Full size image

After microdissection, the cDNAs of salivary glands, ovaries, and midguts of adult females at different feeding times were analyzed for RhBcl-2 and RhBax gene expression profiles (Fig. 3a–c). RhBcl-2 and RhBax genes were expressed in the examined tick tissues during feeding. However, RhBcl-2 and RhBax had the same expression trends in different organs.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Transcription analysis of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides in different tissues. a–c Transcription of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in different tissues of R. haemaphysaloides during feeding time. (E: engorged)

Full size image

Western blot analysis was performed using RhBcl-2 and RhBax anti-sera (Fig. 4). RhBax was detected during the fast-feeding period to post-engorgement, and RhBcl-2 was in the feeding stages.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Western blot detection of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in salivary glands from female Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides at different feeding times. Tick salivary glands were screened with sera anti-RhBcl-2 and RhBax, and anti-tubulin serum was used as the control

Full size image

Expression of RhBcl-2 and RhBax

The coding sequences of RhBcl-2 and RhBax were cloned into prokaryotic expression vectors (pET-28a and pGEX-4T-1) to produce recombinant RhBcl-2 and RhBax. All of the recombinant proteins were expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli.

After solubilization and purification, His-RhBax (molecular weight: ~ 38 kDa) and GST-RhBcl-2 (molecular weight: ~ 50 kDa) were obtained, respectively (Fig. 5a, b). Specific polyclonal antibodies (PcAb) were created in response to the recombinant protein. Western blot analysis revealed that the two sera were able to identify the full recombinant proteins (Fig. 5c, d), and the fragment sizes were consistent with those observed by SDS-PAGE.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Expression of recombinant RhBcl-2 and RhBax. a, b Purification of recombinant RhBcl-2 and RhBax. Lane 1: M: the protein marker; Lane 2: non-induced; Lane 3: 1 mM IPTG induced expression for 8 h; Lane 4: recombinant protein after purification. c, d Western-blotting detection of RhBcl-2 and RhBax. Purified RhBcl-2 and RhBax were immunoblotted with the anti-sera against RhBcl-2 and RhBax, respectively

Full size image

RhBcl-2 binds with RhBax by BH3 domain

To verify that RhBcl-2 interacts with RhBax, an in-vitro GST pull-down assay was used to confirm the interaction between His-RhBax and GST-RhBcl-2 (Fig. 6a). For this experiment, two recombinant proteins with either a GST-tag or His-tag, respectively (His-RhBax and GST-RhBcl-2), were produced from E. coli BL21. Immunoblotting showed that the GST and GST-RhBcl-2 were successfully pulled down with GST beads and that the GST-RhBcl-2 interacted directly with His-RhBax. GST as a negative control confirmed that the interaction of GST-RhBcl-2 and His-RhBax was specific.

Fig. 6
figure 6

GST pull-down binding and co-transfection assays of the RhBcl-2 and RhBax. a The input protein (IP) samples showed pull-down binding assays of His-RhBax as prey with RhBcl-2 as a bait. The IP shows pull-down binding assays of His-RhBax with the GST-RhBcl-2. GST is used as a negative control. b Western blotting analysis of the interaction between RhBcl-2 and RhBax by co-transfection into HEK-293T cells. Lane 1: Cells co-transfected p3×Flag-CMV-14-RhBcl-2 with pCMV-HA vector. Lanes 2–4: Cells co-transfected p3×Flag-CMV-14-RhBcl-2 with pCMV-HA-RhBax-ΔBH1, pCMV-HARhBax-ΔBH3 and pCMV-HA-RhBax

Full size image

Co-transfection of HEK 293T cells with plasmids containing RhBcl-2 and RhBax genes resulted in co-expression of the proteins. The results also showed that RhBcl-2 and RhBax could interact with each other, but failed to combine without the BH3 domain (Fig. 6b).

RNAi assay of RhBcl-2 and RhBax

To identify the function of RhBcl-2 and RhBax, the genes of RhBcl-2 and RhBax were in vivo targets of RNA interference. The RT-qPCR analysis of ticks showed decreased levels of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in RhBcl-2-dsRNA and RhBax-dsRNA injected groups compared to luciferase-dsRNA injected controls (Fig. 7b: RhRhBcl-2 RNAi: t(3) = 3.967, P = 0.0166; RhBax RNAi: t(3) = 4.153, P = 0.0142; Fig. 7d: RhRhBcl-2 RNAi: t(3) = 10.80, P = 0.0004; RhBax RNAi: t(3) = 3.433, P = 0.0265). There was no significant difference in the attachment rate between the experimental and control groups (Table 1), but females of group RhBcl-2 did not reach the full engorgement stage (Fig. 7a) and died on the seventh day to the ninth days. Thus, the engorgement rate and death rates were significantly different compare with control group (Table 1). However, ticks injected with RhBax-dsRNA did not differ from the control groups at any feeding time (Table 1).

Fig. 7
figure 7

Biological effects of RNAi of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides RhBcl-2 and RhBax. a Images comparing females inoculated with dsRhBcl-2 and RhBax with control groups on day 7 of feeding. DsRhBcl-2 inhibited the blood-feeding process and resulted in females smaller than the controls. Scale bars: 5 mm. b Confirmation of RhBcl-2 and RhBax silencing using RT-qPCR. Total RNA was extracted on feeding day 5 from whole bodies of female ticks injected with dsRNA. Bars represent mean relative expression of RhBcl-2 and RhBax; error bars represent standard error. *P < 0.05, based on two-tailed Student’s t tests. c TUNEL staining assays of apoptosis levels after interference with the salivary glands by dsRNA of RhBcl-2 and RhBax. DNA was stained with DAPI. Scale bars: 50 μm. d Confirmation of RhBcl-2 and RhBax silencing using RT-qPCR. e Tunel mean fluorescence intensity showed the apoptosis levels. *P < 0.05

Full size image
Table 1 Effect of knocking-down RhBcl-2 and RhBax on tick feeding
Full size table

TUNEL assays showed that salivary gland interference by RhBcl-2 dsRNA increased apoptosis levels, but RhBax was similar to the control (Fig. 7c, e).

Discussion

Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides is a three-host hard tick widely distributed in China. It is a carrier of several human pathogens [37,38,39]. The salivary glands of female ticks undergo degeneration after engorgement [3]. Apoptosis plays a role in the process while caspase genes and apoptosis-related genes are upregulated [40]. Our study identified and characterized two Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax) in R. haemaphysaloides and found them to be involved in salivary gland degeneration.

The Bcl-2 family proteins are also found in insects such as Drosophila, Bombyx mori, and Anopheline mosquitoes, and are involved in growth and metamorphosis [24, 41,42,43]. Ayllon [25] found that Bcl-2 may play a key role in the intrinsic apoptosis of Ixodes scapularis, but other Bcl-2 family proteins and the apoptosis mechanism are unknown. We found that RhBcl-2 and RhBax are involved in salivary gland degeneration in R. haemaphysaloides. Sequence analysis demonstrated that RhBcl-2 and RhBax have conserved sequences characteristic of BH domains. The BH3 domain is a key domain for Bax, Bak, and Bok to promote apoptosis and combine anti-apoptosis proteins with proapoptotic proteins [44, 45]. A GST pull-down assay confirmed that RhBcl-2 and RhBax combined with each other. Co-transfection assays also showed that RhBcl-2 and RhBax could interact, but did not combine without the BH3 domain.

Salivary gland degeneration is triggered after the completion of female tick feeding [46]. According to the RT-qPCR results, RhBcl-2 and RhBax had a high level of transcription in salivary glands during tick engorgement, as determined by western blot. These findings suggest that the roles of RhBcl-2 and RhBax are related to salivary glands apoptosis and degeneration.

RNA interference was used to investigate the physiological roles of RhBcl-2 and RhBax. TUNEL staining was used to evaluate the rate of DNA fragmentation in degenerated tick salivary glands. By interference with RhBcl-2, the TUNEL-positive staining rate increased significantly when compared to the control group. These results demonstrated that RhBcl-2 functions in preventing apoptosis during salivary gland degeneration. Bax is a proapoptotic protein in the Bcl-2 protein family [47]. However, interference with RhBax had no significant effect when compared to the control group.

RhBcl-2 silencing produced a most significant phenotype alteration in ticks during blood feeding compared to RhBax and the control groups. After injection with dsRhBcl-2, the female ticks were unable to feed and engorge until they died. These data illustrated the importance of RhBcl-2 during blood feeding. Consequently, RhBcl-2 functioned to protect cell survival, promote normal organ functioning, and ensure that ticks take in sufficient amount of blood in this stage. The function of the RhBax protein remains unclear.

Conclusions

In conclusion, two Bcl-2 family molecules were identified in ticks, and the roles of RhBcl-2 and RhBax in tick physiology were investigated. These findings enabled advanced studies of tick apoptosis. RhBcl-2 and RhBax, like Bcl-2 and Bax in mammals, work together to regulate apoptosis in tick salivary glands. The knockdown of RhBcl-2 in vivo inhibited blood feeding, indicating that RhBcl-2 has the potential to be used as a tick vaccine protein.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its Additional file 1: Tables S1–S4.

Abbreviations

TBPs:

Tick-borne pathogens

PCD:

Programmed cell death

PcAb:

Polyclonal antibodies

RT-qPCR:

Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

TBS:

Tris-buffered saline

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

IPTG:

Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside

DAPI:

4′,6′-Diamidino-2-phenylindole

TUNEL:

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling

BH:

Bcl-2 homology

References

  1. Jongejan F, Uilenberg G. The global importance of ticks. Parasitology. 2004;129:S3–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sonenshine DE. Biology of ticks. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Simo L, Kazimirova M, Richardson J, Bonnet SI. The essential role of tick salivary glands and saliva in tick feeding and pathogen transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:281.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kazimirova M, Stibraniova I. Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013;3:43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Francischetti IM, Sa-Nunes A, Mans BJ, Santos IM, Ribeiro JM. The role of saliva in tick feeding. Front Biosci. 2009;14:2051–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Abdelwahid E, Rolland S, Teng X, Conradt B, Hardwick JM, White K. Mitochondrial involvement in cell death of non-mammalian eukaryotes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813:597–607.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mao H, Kaufman WR. Profile of the ecdysteroid hormone and its receptor in the salivary gland of the adult female tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 1999;29:33–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. L’Amoreaux WJ, Junaid L, Trevidi S. Morphological evidence that salivary gland degeneration in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), involves programmed cell death. Tissue Cell. 2003;35:95–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Freitas DR, Rosa RM, Moura DJ, Seitz AL, Colodel EM, Driemeier D, et al. Cell death during preoviposition period in Boophilus microplus tick. Vet Parasitol. 2007;144:321–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang H, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang B, Wang M, Yang X, et al. Comprehensive analysis of the global protein changes that occur during salivary gland degeneration in female ixodid ticks Haemaphysalis longicornis. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1943.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Maghsoudi N, Zakeri Z, Lockshin RA. Programmed cell death and apoptosis—where it came from and where it is going: from Elie Metchnikoff to the control of caspases. Exp Oncol. 2012;34:146–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972;26:239–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Serrano-Heras G, Diaz-Maroto I, Castro-Robles B, Carrion B, Perona-Moratalla AB, Gracia J, et al. Isolation and quantification of blood apoptotic bodies, a non-invasive tool to evaluate apoptosis in patients with ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Biol Proc Online. 2020;22:17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Shi Y. Mechanical aspects of apoptosome assembly. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2006;18:677–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yin F, Zhou H, Fang Y, Li C, He Y, Yu L, et al. Astragaloside IV alleviates ischemia reperfusion-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of key factors in death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;248:112319.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Santos LC, Vogel R, Chipuk JE, Birtwistle MR, Stolovitzky G, Meyer P. Mitochondrial origins of fractional control in regulated cell death. Nat Commun. 2019;10:1313.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Adams JM, Cory S. Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis: mechanism and therapeutic potential. Curr Opin Immunol. 2007;19:488–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Tsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E, Croce CM. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science. 1985;228:1440–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hartman ML, Czyz M. BCL-w: apoptotic and non-apoptotic role in health and disease. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11:260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Gross A, Jockel J, Wei MC, Korsmeyer SJ. Enforced dimerization of BAX results in its translocation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Embo J. 1998;17:3878–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Minn AJ, Swain RE, Ma A, Thompson CB. Recent progress on the regulation of apoptosis by Bcl-2 family members. Adv Immunol. 1998;70:245–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Strasser A. The role of BH3-only proteins in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:189–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Deng J, Carlson N, Takeyama K, Dal Cin P, Shipp M, Letai A. BH3 profiling identifies three distinct classes of apoptotic blocks to predict response to ABT-737 and conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Cell. 2007;12:171–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Igaki T, Miura M. Role of Bcl-2 family members in invertebrates. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1644:73–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ayllon N, Villar M, Galindo RC, Kocan KM, Sima R, Lopez JA, et al. Systems biology of tissue-specific response to Anaplasma phagocytophilum reveals differentiated apoptosis in the tick vector Ixodes scapularis. PLoS Genet. 2015;11:e1005120.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhou J, Gong H, Zhou Y, Xuan X, Fujisaki K. Identification of a glycine-rich protein from the tick Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and evaluation of its vaccine potential against tick feeding. Parasitol Res. 2006;100:77–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Yu X, Gong H, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Cao J, Zhou J. Differential sialotranscriptomes of unfed and fed Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, with particular regard to differentially expressed genes of cysteine proteases. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:597.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang Y, Hu S, Tuerdi M, Yu X, Zhang H, Zhou Y, et al. Initiator and executioner caspases in salivary gland apoptosis of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Cruz LM, Trefflich S, Weiss VA, Castro MAA. Protein function prediction. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1654:55–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Artimo P, Jonnalagedda M, Arnold K, Baratin D, Csardi G, de Castro E, et al. ExPASy: SIB bioinformatics resource portal. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40:W597-603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Nijhof AM, Balk JA, Postigo M, Jongejan F. Selection of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks and determination of the expression profile of Bm86. BMC Mol Biol. 2009;10:112.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25:402–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ginzinger DG. Gene quantification using real-time quantitative PCR: an emerging technology hits the mainstream. Exp Hematol. 2002;30:503–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kim HS, Smithies O. Recombinant fragment assay for gene targetting based on the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988;16:8887–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Greenfield EA, DeCaprio J, Brahmandam M. Making weak antigens strong: cross-linking peptides to KLH with maleimide. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot100016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Grabowski JM, Tsetsarkin KA, Long D, Scott DP, Rosenke R, Schwan TG, et al. Flavivirus infection of ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick) ex vivo organotypic cultures and applications for disease control. MBio. 2017;8:e01255-17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Chen Z, Yang X, Bu F, Yang X, Yang X, Liu J. Ticks (acari: ixodoidea: argasidae, ixodidae) of China. Exp Appl Acarol. 2010;51:393–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Yu Z, Wang H, Wang T, Sun W, Yang X, Liu J. Tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in China. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Zhang J, Liu Q, Wang D, Li W, Beugnet F, Zhou J. Epidemiological survey of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in pet dogs in south-eastern China. Parasite. 2017;24:35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Yu X, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhang H, Gong H, Zhou J. Caspase-1 participates in apoptosis of salivary glands in Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:225.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Brachmann CB, Jassim OW, Wachsmuth BD, Cagan RL. The Drosophila bcl-2 family member dBorg-1 functions in the apoptotic response to UV-irradiation. Curr Biol. 2000;10:547–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Colussi PA, Quinn LM, Huang DC, Coombe M, Read SH, Richardson H, et al. Debcl, a proapoptotic Bcl-2 homologue, is a component of the Drosophila melanogaster cell death machinery. J Cell Biol. 2000;148:703–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Igaki T, Kanuka H, Inohara N, Sawamoto K, Nunez G, Okano H, et al. Drob-1, a Drosophila member of the Bcl-2/CED-9 family that promotes cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97:662–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Chou JJ, Li H, Salvesen GS, Yuan J, Wagner G. Solution structure of BID, an intracellular amplifier of apoptotic signaling. Cell. 1999;96:615–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. McDonnell JM, Fushman D, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ, Cowburn D. Solution structure of the proapoptotic molecule BID: a structural basis for apoptotic agonists and antagonists. Cell. 1999;96:625–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Scopinho Furquim KC, Bechara GH, Camargo Mathias MI. Death by apoptosis in salivary glands of females of the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol. 2008;119:152–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell. 1993;74:609–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank LetPub (www.letpub.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by a grant from the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (No. Y2021GH01-3) and Strategic International Collaborative Research Project (JPJ008837) promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Shanming Hu and Yanan Wang contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China

    Shanming Hu, Yanan Wang, Zhengmao Xu, Yongzhi Zhou, Jie Cao, Houshuang Zhang & Jinlin Zhou

Authors
  1. Shanming Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yanan Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhengmao Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yongzhi Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jie Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Houshuang Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jinlin Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SH conceived the study, performed the statistical analyses, and participated in the dynamic detection of the target genes. SH drafted the manuscript. YW and ZX participated in the design of the study and the interpretation of the data. YZ, HZ, and JC participated in the experiments on animals. JZ participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jinlin Zhou.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The treatment of rabbits and mice was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute (IACUC Approval number: SHVRI-SZ-20190726-02; SHVRI-SZ-20191024-01).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Table S1

. Primers used for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides RhBcl-2 and RhBax genes. Table S2. Primers for Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides RhBcl-2 and RhBax ORF cloning. Table S3. Primers used for overlap extension (SOE) of recombinant PCR to delete BH domain. Table S4. Primers for RNAi of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides RhBcl-2 and RhBax genes.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hu, S., Wang, Y., Xu, Z. et al. Identification of the Bcl-2 and Bax homologs from Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides and their function in the degeneration of tick salivary glands. Parasites Vectors 14, 386 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04879-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04879-z

Keywords

  • Salivary gland degeneration
  • Apoptosis
  • Bcl-2
  • Bax

Parasites & Vectors

ISSN: 1756-3305

Contact us